Term
| Symmetry of Radiate Animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is radiate symmetry an advantage for them? |
|
Definition
| They can approach their environment from all sides equally. |
|
|
Term
| 6 characteristics of radiate animals |
|
Definition
Diploblastic
Gastrovascular cavity
True Tissue, nerve cells & sensory cells
Monomorphic, dimorphic or polymorphic
Cnidocytes and some colloblast
Aquatic |
|
|
Term
| Previous name of radiate animal phylum |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Number of species of Cnidaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of terrestrial Cnidarians |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Juvenile stage of Cnidarians |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Complete & Typical Cnidarian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tubular bodies
Mouth surrounded by tentacles that leads into gastrovascular cavity
Pedal disc |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Free-swimming bell shaped with tetramerous symmetry.
Mouth is centered and tentacles extend from rim. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When the cnidocil is stimulated, high internal osmotic pressure causes water to rush into the capsule. The operculum opens and the rapidly increasing hydrostatic pressure within the capsule forces the thread outward with great force, the thread turning inside out as it goes. The barb flicks to the outside and venom penetrates prey. |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Relationship between a cnidocyte and nematocyst |
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Definition
| Nematocysts are stinging cells located inside a cnidocyte. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Does not require neural stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location of cnidocytes in cnidarian |
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Definition
| Invaginated in ectodermal cells on the tentacles or in epitheliomuscular cells in the epidermis |
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|
Term
| Location of the nerve net in cnidarians |
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Definition
| Base of ectoderm and endoderm |
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|
Term
| Difference in nerve net from a human nerve network |
|
Definition
Lack myelin
No CNS
Bidirectional neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| Similarities in the cnidarian nerve net and our nerve network |
|
Definition
Neuromuscular system
Synapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ring of nerves that control movement and swimming whereas a CNS controls sensory and motor. |
|
|
Term
| Neuromuscular system cells |
|
Definition
epitheliomuscular cells
sensory cells |
|
|
Term
| Importance of neuromuscular system from evolutionary standpoint |
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Definition
| First time for any type of sensory or nerve cell that has stayed and not disappeared over time. |
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|
Term
| Difference in freshwater hydrozoans and marine hydrozoans |
|
Definition
| Freshwater do not have medusa stage |
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|
Term
| Most common types of hydra in the US |
|
Definition
Chlorohydra viridissima- NA
Plematohydra oligactis- CNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shape of cells in the epidermis of the hydra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 different types of cells in the epidermis of the hydra |
|
Definition
epitheliomuscular
interstitial
gland
cnidocyte
sensory
nerve |
|
|
Term
| Shape of cells in the dermis of a hydra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 different types of cells in the dermis of a hydra |
|
Definition
nutritive-muscular
interstitial
gland |
|
|
Term
| Mesoglea difference from hydras and sponges |
|
Definition
No fibers or cellular elements
contains ameboid cells |
|
|
Term
| 4 different types of movements of hydras |
|
Definition
gliding pedal disc aided by mucous
measuring worm movement
forming gas bubble
contraction of bell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small crustaceans
insect larvae
annelid worms |
|
|
Term
| Hydras advanced digestion over previous organisms |
|
Definition
uses tentacles and nematocysts to gather food
extracellular digestion |
|
|
Term
| Hydras similar digestion to organisms in the past |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells in gastrodermis of the hydra that complete digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
asexual: buds appear as outpockets of the body wall and develop to young hydras that detach.
sexual: temporary testes or ovaries appear, eggs mature and are fertillized in water. cyst forms around embryo. |
|
|
Term
| Which reproductive method of hydras is more common in the winter? |
|
Definition
| sexual, because a cyst makes it able to survive the conditions and is stimulated by lower temperatures |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for a hydranth |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sense organs that control balance |
|
|
Term
| Genus & Order of Portuguese man-of-war |
|
Definition
Order: siphonophora
Genus: physalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
top of colony
acts as sail |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tentacles of the jellyfish that are used to catch prey
also bring food to the feeding organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uniqueness of cyanea capillata |
|
Definition
huge
reaches 2 meters
feeds on plankton |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of mesoglea of common jellyfish |
|
Definition
thick
contains collenchyme |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kill or paralyze live prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
· Free swimming medusa male or female combine to produce planula.
· Planula swims and settles to attach to a surface.
· Planula becomes a sessile polyp called scyphistoma.
· Scyphistoma produce new free swimming medusa called strobilation.
· These are now called strobila and as the medusa detaches they are called ephyra.
· The ephyra matures and becomes a mature medusa. |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of class cubozoa |
|
Definition
dimorphic
small
cube shaped
tentacles are flattened: pedalium |
|
|
Term
| cubozoan jellyfish of extreme importance |
|
Definition
chironex fleckeri
anti-venom created
venom is studied to create medicine for cardiovascular problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of class anthozoa |
|
Definition
only polyp stage
marine
gastrovascular cavity divded into chambers by septa |
|
|
Term
| 3 subclasses of flower animals |
|
Definition
zoantharia
ceriantipatharia
alyconaria |
|
|
Term
| difference in the 3 subclasses of flower animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another name for mesoglea in anthozoans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symbiotic relationship of sea anemone |
|
Definition
clown fish
hermit crab
algea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6 folds/septa
true corals
exoskeleton: sclerosepta secreted below
solitary or colonial
stinging cells
hard corals
sea anemone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
8 folds/septa
soft corals
flexible
colonial
intercommunication via gastrovascular cavities
endoskeleton
sea fans |
|
|
Term
| most productive ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 organisms that mainly make up coral reef |
|
Definition
reef building corals
coralline algae |
|
|
Term
| 4 different types of coral reefs |
|
Definition
fringing reef: comes to land no separation
barrier reef: has lagoon
patch reef: circular, form wherever
atoll: used to be island that eroded away |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of the phylum ctenophora |
|
Definition
small
planktonic
medusa like
comb rows
no colonies or polymorphism
biradial symmetry
move with currents
only 1 species has stinging cells
coloblasts
eats cnidarians
bilumenscence |
|
|
Term
| similarities of ctenophorans and cnidarians |
|
Definition
bilateral symmetry
no sensory or nerve cells to form head
not advanced beyond tissue level
no definite organ system |
|
|
Term
| difference between ctenophorans and cnidarians |
|
Definition
colloblasts not nematocysts
free-swimming
luminesce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of cilia that beat back and forth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between 2 classes in phylum ctenophora |
|
Definition
tentaculata: has tentacles
nuda: no tentacles
swallows prey whole |
|
|
Term
| phylogeny and adaptations of cnidarians |
|
Definition
arose from a radially symmetrical planula like ancestor with sessile or free swimming habitat
cnidarians have demonstrated diversity and are efficient predators and colonial
Most derived is hydrozoans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
false body cavity
lack peritoneal lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another name for mesoderm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acoelomates have what type of symmetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| morphological development associated with bilateral symmetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is a head an advantage for acoelomates |
|
Definition
| sensory organelles are in one area |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of the phylum acoelomorpha |
|
Definition
small phylum
350 species
small
flatworm characteristics
lack digestive cavity
contain endolecithal egg
marine
previously classified with class turbellaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what replaces the mesoglea in platyhelminthes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| free-living form of flatworms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monogenea
trematoda
cestodda
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between turbellarians and the trematodes and cestodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
yolk within egg
ancestrial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
yolk outside egg cell
special organs to produce yolk |
|
|
Term
| why are endolecithal and ectolecithal eggs important to zoologists |
|
Definition
| phylogenetic classification |
|
|
Term
| how to distinguish the different classes of turbellaria |
|
Definition
by gut morphology
female reproductive system
embryogensis |
|
|
Term
| epidermis of turbellarians |
|
Definition
| rhabdites secrete mucus to protect when discharged with water |
|
|
Term
| covering of epidermis found in platyzoa classes except turbellarians |
|
Definition
| cellular ciliated resting on basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| epidermis covering in turbellarians |
|
Definition
| dual-gland adhesive organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous cell layer (cytoplasm) adaptation of parasites. |
|
|
Term
| where are muscle fibers located within planaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| direction muscle fibers run in planaria |
|
Definition
circular
longitudal
diagonal |
|
|
Term
| components of the digestive system found in turbellarians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of digestion in flatworms |
|
Definition
extracellular
intracellular |
|
|
Term
| excretory and osmoregulation in turbellarians |
|
Definition
2 long excretory canals
end at flame cell or excretory pore (protonephridia)
provides negative pressure to draw fluid through weird into the lumen
propels water through excretory system |
|
|
Term
| how are most metabolic waste eliminated in flatworms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primitive nervous system of flatworms vs advanced |
|
Definition
Primitive: simple nerve net
advanced: longitudinal nerve cords |
|
|
Term
| appearance of brain in flatworms |
|
Definition
| cerebral ganglia under eye spots |
|
|
Term
| aspect of flatworms nervous system that is an important advance in the evolution of nervous system |
|
Definition
| neurons are organized into sensory, motor and association types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are tactile cells and chemoreceptors located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| asexual reproduction in turbellarians |
|
Definition
| splits in 2 by the pharynx and regenerates parts |
|
|
Term
| sexual reproduction in turbellarians |
|
Definition
| monoceious, practice cross fertilization/hyperdermic impregnation |
|
|
Term
| regenerative process of turbellarians |
|
Definition
parts will grow after split
will digest organs and produce neoblasts that create blastemas.
can grow 2 heads or 2 tails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of most monogeneans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most characteristics feature of class monogenea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of class trematoda |
|
Definition
endoparasitic
digentic flukes
similar to turbellarians
syncytial tegument: lacks cilia
no head
CNS
highly developed reproduction |
|
|
Term
| most important subclass of class trematoda |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is subclass digenea the most important subclass |
|
Definition
| some of the msot serious parasites of humans and domestic animals belong to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must infect more than one host to complete their life cycle |
|
|
Term
| organisms involved with an indirect life cycle |
|
Definition
intermediate host
definitive host |
|
|
Term
| life cycle of Fasciola hepatica |
|
Definition
adult flukes produce eggs passed in faeces
eggs separate from faecal material in wet areas and hatch releasing larvae
larvae invade the lymnaeid snail and develop and multiply as sporocysts
sporocysts leave the snail and swim until they encyst on vegetation forming metacercariae (infective stage)
ingested by sheep, cattle and other hosts and excyst in small intestine
released immature flukes penetrate the intestinal wall and enter abdominal cavity
young flukes penetrate the liver capsule and migrate through the liver tissue before entering bile ducts to become adults |
|
|
Term
| life cycle of Clonorchis sinensis |
|
Definition
embryonated eggs passed in feces of humans
eggs are ingested by snail
asexual reproduction takes place in snail
each egg releases a miracidia which goes through several developmental stages:
sporocysts
rediae
cercariae
cercariae are released from the snail and free-swimming in water until they come in contact and penetrate the flesh of freshwater fish
cercariae encyst as metacercariae
infection of humans occurs by ingestion of undercooked, salted, pickled, or smoked freshwater fish
after ingestion, the metacercariae excyst in the duodenum
metacercariae ascend the bilary tract through the ampulla of vater
maturation takes approximately 1 month and adults reside in small and medium bilary ducts |
|
|
Term
| what areas are you likely to contract clonorchis sinensis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| side effects of clonorchis sinensis |
|
Definition
inflammation or obstruction of biliary ducts
abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| digestive system of typical fluke |
|
Definition
| 2 canals connect to bladder and exit through 1 pore |
|
|
Term
| typical excretory system of a fluke |
|
Definition
pouch like
bilaterally symmetric |
|
|
Term
| typical reproductive system of a fluke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important genus of blood flukes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many people are infected with schistosoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does someone contract schistosoma |
|
Definition
| cercariae in water penetrate skin |
|
|
Term
| disease caused by schistosoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 species of genus schistosoma |
|
Definition
S. mansoni
S. haematobium
S. japonicum |
|
|
Term
| where is Schistosoma mansoni found in the final host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is schistosoma haematobium found in the final host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is schistosoma japonicum found in the final host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stage of schistosomiasis life cycle causes ill effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which organism causes swimmers itch |
|
Definition
| cercariae of schistosomatidae |
|
|
Term
| normal host of schistosomatidae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what genus do some lung flukes belong |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does someone contact lung flukes |
|
Definition
| eating raw freshwater crabs or crayfish |
|
|
Term
| are lung flukes common in north america |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of class cestoda |
|
Definition
endoparasites
largest
no true segmentation
no digestive system
no cilia in adults
1000 species
syncytial tegument |
|
|
Term
| subclasses of class cestoda |
|
Definition
subclass cestodiaria
subclass eucestoda |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of subclass cestodiaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of subclass eucestoda |
|
Definition
polyzoic: more than 1 reproductive stage
tapeworm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scientific name for beef tapeworm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unique feature of T. saginata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| life cycle of T. saginata |
|
Definition
Ripe proglottids deatch in the human intestine via feces
Shelled larva crawl onto grass and are ingested by cattle
Eggs hatch in the cows intestine, freeing oncospheres
Oncospheres penetrate muscles and encyst developing into bladder worms (invaginated cysticercus)
A human eats infected rare beef and a cysticercus is freed in the intestine
Cysticercus attaches to the intestinal wall and forms a strobila and matures |
|
|
Term
| common name for Taenia solium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scolex difference in pork and beef tapeworm |
|
Definition
| T. solium has hooks that adhere to gut wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eggs or gravid proglottids in feces and passed into environment
Pigs become infected by ingesting vegetation contaminated by eggs or gravid proglottids
Oncospheres hatch, penetrate intestinal wall and circulate to musculature
Oncospheres develop into cysticerci in muscle
Humans infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat
Scolex attaches to intestine
Adults in small intestine |
|
|
Term
| the reason T. solium is more of a health threat than T. saginata |
|
Definition
| because it causes cysticercosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue infection caused by the larval stage of T. solium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| echinococcus multilocularis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of phylum gastrotricha |
|
Definition
pseudocoel reduced and filled with amoebocytes
freshwater and marine
benthic
monoecious
solenocytes instead of flame cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flagellated cells that function in osmoregulation |
|
|
Term
| the thing that solenocytes replace in gastrotrichs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phyla of clade gnathifera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristic of clade gnathifera |
|
Definition
rotifer
acanthcephala
cuticular jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of phylum gnathostomulida |
|
Definition
small worm like organisms found in interstitial spaces
small phylum 80 species
share some features with turbellarians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell numbers are consistent within the species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wheel animals: ciliated corona |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of phylum rotifera |
|
Definition
beautiful colors, some transparent
odd or bizarre shapes
2000 species
freshwater and terrestrial
some epizoic or parasitic
benthic |
|
|
Term
| digestive system of rotifer |
|
Definition
mouth
mastax
gastric gland
stomach
intestine
cloacal bladder
anus |
|
|
Term
| type of digestion in rotifers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference in excretory system of rotifers and flatworms |
|
Definition
| disposal of waste through anus in rotifers |
|
|
Term
| protonephridia in rotifers |
|
Definition
| propel waste products into excretory tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
females have germovitellaria that produce yolk and oocytes
dioecious
parthenogenetic
females produce diploid eggs that have not undergone meiosis and develop only into females
some will undergo meiosis and create a haploid to become male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth and development occur asexually without fertilization |
|
|
Term
| common name for phylum acanthocephala |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristic feature of phylum acanthocephala |
|
Definition
| retractable proboscis with recurved spines |
|
|
Term
| organisms of acanthocephala |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| main damage caused by acanthocephala |
|
Definition
| can block intestinal tract |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of phylum acanthocephala |
|
Definition
dioecious
intermediate host is insect or crustacean
absorbs nutrients through the syncytial tegument
no circulatory, respiratory or digestive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| individual that named phylum mesozoa and why |
|
Definition
| Van Beneden because it is intermediate between protozoa and metazoan |
|
|
Term
| difference between rhombozoans and orthonectids |
|
Definition
| orthonectids sexual leave host to fertilize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
greater freedom of movement
space for development and differentiation of organ systems
storage area for waste
hydrostatic skeleton |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of clade lophotrochozoa |
|
Definition
lophophore
larval stage called a trochophore larva |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of clade polyzoa |
|
Definition
u-shaped gut
colonial
may have tentacles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phylum cycliophora first described |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of cycliophorans |
|
Definition
| live on mouthparts of some lobsters |
|
|
Term
| number of species of cycliphorans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of phylum entoprocta |
|
Definition
within anus
150 species
do not look like any other pseudocoelomate
marine
monoecious, dioecious and protandric
trochophore like larva |
|
|
Term
| how phylum entoprocta feeds |
|
Definition
| filter feeders: captures food particles in the current created by tentacular cilia and then passes these particles along the tentacles to the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gonad at first produces sperm and then eggs |
|
|
Term
| difference in phylum ectoprocta and entoprocta |
|
Definition
| anus is on outside or inside |
|
|
Term
| other name for ectoprocts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of phylum ectoprocta |
|
Definition
colonial
sessile
ciliated crown of tentacles
zooids are small
freshwater species looks like large mass |
|
|
Term
| brachipoda resembles what other group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference in brachiopoda and mollusks |
|
Definition
brachiopods have dorsal and ventral valves instead of right and left lateral valves
they are also attached to a substrate either directly or by means of fleshy stalk called pedicel |
|
|
Term
| difference between articulata and inarticulata |
|
Definition
articulata is connected by hinge and interlocking tooth and socket arrangement
inarticulata lack hinge and are held together by muscles only |
|
|
Term
| another name for phylum nemertea |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| characteristics of nemertine worms |
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Definition
long retractable proboscis
complete digestive system and circulatory system
marine
650 species
brightly colored |
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Term
| advancement in nemertine worms compared to flatworms |
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Definition
circulatory system
complete digestive system |
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