Term
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Definition
| Phylogenetic relationships between diverse animal groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reconstructed lines of evolutionary descent between living organisms (family tree). |
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| Numerical Taxonomy (Phenetics) |
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Definition
1. All classifications have no reality in nature
2. More similar characteristics = more related |
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| Phylogenetic Systematics (Cladisitics) |
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Definition
1. All groups are real
2. Look for specific characteristics |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Evolutionary Taxonomy (Neodarwinian) |
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Definition
1. Species is only REAL group
2. Uses fossil record |
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Definition
| Group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups. |
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Term
| Evidence to construct a phylogeny... |
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Definition
1. Paleontology
2. Biochemical and genetic
3. Electrophoresis
4. DNA sequencing
5. Hybridization
6. Ontogeny
7. Comparative Physiology
8. Comparative Behavior
9. Comparative Anatomy |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromatin bundles on centromere and creates replicated genes. |
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Term
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Definition
1. 2 structures that come from same common ancestor (evolutionary similiarity)
2. Can detect through paleontology and omology |
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Term
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Definition
1. Functional similiarity
2. Tells us a lot about pressures of animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures become more alike - but not related |
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Term
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Definition
| Common ancestor (homology with or without analogy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Homology and analogy are independently involved |
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Term
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Definition
1. Primitive and Advanced
2. Specialized and Generalized
3. Higher vs. Lower |
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Definition
| Naming organisms and grouping into categories. |
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Definition
| Indicates a level of organization in a group of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Binomial Nomenclature
2. Genus name and specific epithet
3. Developed by Linnaeus
4. Species name italicized or underlined |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| All organisms show variation (from mutation) |
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| Works at Level of the Individual |
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Definition
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Term
| Works at Level of Population |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Life in 4D
2. A change in genetic compostion of population (change in alleles) |
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Term
| Evolution is interaction between populations and environments - the consequences of the environment are to... |
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Definition
1. Go extinct
2. Remain unchanged
3. Evolve adaptations |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics possessed by an organism that enable it to survive and increase fitness |
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Term
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Definition
1. Life forms existed (prokaryotes)
2. No complex life forms |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cyanobacteria
2. Bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Eukaryotes dominated because... |
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Definition
1. They had sex
2. Variance occured in species
3. Hypersex-endosymbiotic organism |
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Term
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Definition
1.(+,+)
2. Both organisms benefit
3. Ex - termites need cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
1. (+,O)
2. One organism benefits, other neutral
3. Ex - entameoba coli in colon |
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Term
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Definition
1. (+,-)
2. One organism benefits, other negative
3. ex - entameoba histolytica in colon |
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Term
| Forms of multicellularity |
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Definition
1. Amalgamation (colonial hypothesis)
2. Compartmentalization (plasmodial hypothesis)
3. Daughter cells |
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Term
| Advantages of Multicellularity... |
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Definition
1. Live longer, individuals can be replaced
2. Produce more offspring - more cells for reproduction
3. Greater internal stability
4. Specialization with increased functional efficiency
5. Lower predation |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Multicellularity... |
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Definition
1. Support
2. Transport of nutrients to important cells
3. Metabolic rate keeps demanding more |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses water pressure to stay erect |
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Term
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Definition
| Draw H2O in through pores |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Most thick and advanced canals |
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Term
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Definition
1. Microvilli grab onto food particles
2. Amebocytes move through body of sponge |
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Term
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Definition
1. Thin layer (only 2 cells thick)
2. Epidermis (skin) and Gastrodermis (lining of digestive tract) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Only symmetric one way
2. Front and back
3. Easier to move
4. More effective to catch prey
5. Senses in front of face
6. Stream lining
7. Complex nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
1. 2 different body forms throughout lifetime
2. Cessile (fixed in place) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Mouth in center of body |
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Term
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Definition
| Epidermis, nervous tissue, outside layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Gastrodermis, digestive tract, inner layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles, excretory and reproductive systems, middle layer |
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Term
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Definition
1. Physical space within body (cavity)
2. Greater freedom of movement
3. Better development and differentiation of organs
4. Circulation within the body
5. Storage of wastes
6. Buoyancy organ
7. Hydrostatic organ |
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Term
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Definition
1. From blastocel
2. Lacks peritoneal lining of mesoderm
3. ex - rotifera, nematoda and gastrotricha |
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Term
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Definition
1. Schizocoelous (split)
2. Blastopore becomes mouth
3. Spiral cleavage
4. Determinate embryology
5. Mollusks, annelids and arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
1. Enterocoelus
2. Blastopore becomes anus
3. Radial clevage
4. Indeterminate embryology
5. ex - echinoderms, vertebrates |
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Term
| 4 Key Features of MOLLUSKS... |
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Definition
1. Foot
2. Shell (secreted by mantle)
3. Radula
4. Head
ex - abalone, snail, sarcopod, bivalvia, clams, cephalopoda, polyplacophora |
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Term
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Definition
1. Segmented worms
2. ex - leeches, earth worms |
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Term
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Definition
1. Actual organs/segments are replicated throughout body
2. You can get precise
3. More control of locomotion
4. Larger brains/more complex nervous system |
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