Term
|
Definition
proliferate
hypertrophy
calcify |
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Term
| secondary ossification centers appear in the _ after birth |
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Definition
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Term
| rickets is _ deficiency resulting in ~, causing what symptom? |
|
Definition
vitamin D
impaired Ca++ intestinal absorption
short bowed limbs |
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Term
| somitomeres are formed by _ which migrates from ~ during week _ |
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Definition
mesoderm
primitive streak
3 |
|
|
Term
| paraxial mesoderm forms (3) |
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Definition
axial skeleton
striated muscles
part of dermis |
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Term
| 7 cranial somitomeres do not become somites but do form (3) |
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Definition
| striated muscle of face, jaw, and throat |
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Term
| first somites are formed on day |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 groups of somites; # of each |
|
Definition
4 occipital somites
8 cervical somites
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3 coccygeal |
|
|
Term
| occipital somites form (6) |
|
Definition
occipital bone
bones of orbit, nose, inner ear
tongue & extraocular muscles |
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|
Term
| thoracic somites form (4) |
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Definition
| vertebrae, muscles, chest wall bones, dermis |
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Term
| each somite becomes _ & _. how are they divided? |
|
Definition
sclerotome -- ventromedial
dermomyotome -- dorsolateral |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| vertebra are formed at _ weeks |
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Definition
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Term
| the 7 cervical vertebrae come from _ cervical somites |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the base of the skull is formed from ... (2) |
|
Definition
cranial half of 1st cervical somite
caudal half of 4th occipital somitomere |
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|
Term
| each vertebral body is formed from |
|
Definition
| cranial & caudal parts of 2 successive somites |
|
|
Term
| vertebral ossification continues for about _ years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 primary vertebral ossification centers before birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5 secondary vertebral ossification centers:
they appear when? |
|
Definition
spinous process
2 transverse processes
2 at superior and inferior rims of vertebral bodies
puberty |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cervical ribs may cause compression of (2) |
|
Definition
brachial plexus
subclavian |
|
|
Term
| _ gene expression regulates regional specification of the vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| besides Hox genes, ~ may be involved in specification of the vertebrae; its source? |
|
Definition
RA gradient
primitive streak |
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|
Term
| neurocranium (brain case) is derived from |
|
Definition
paraxial mesoderm
neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cartilaginous neurocranium (skull base)
membranous neurocranium (flat bones)
viscerocranium (facial bones) |
|
|
Term
| fontanelles & time of closure |
|
Definition
posterior & sphenoid: 6 months
anterior & mastoid: 2 yrs |
|
|
Term
| cartilaginous neurocranium (6) |
|
Definition
parachordal cartilage -- occiptal bone
hypophysial cartilage -- body of sphenoid
orbitalis -- lesser wings of sphenoid
trabeculi cranii -- body of ethmoid
otic capsules -- mastoid & petrous parts of temporal
nasal capsules -- contribute to ethmoid |
|
|
Term
| cartilaginous viscerocranium (5) |
|
Definition
dorsal arch 1 -- malleus & incus
dorsal arch 2 -- stapes & styloid process
ventral arch 2 -- hyoid: lesser horn & superior body
ventral arch 3 -- hyoid: greater horn & inferior body
arches 4-6: laryngeal cartilages except epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| membranous viscerocranium i.e. intramembranous ossification (3) |
|
Definition
1st pharyngeal arch--
dorsal portion: maxilla, zygomatic, squamous temporal
ventral portion: Merkel cartilage --> sphenomandibular ligament
mesenchyme around Merkel cartilage --> mandible |
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|
Term
| viscerocranium (facial skeleton) is derived from ~ only |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| neural crest cells migrate a large distance to arrive @ _ & _ (skull bones). this migration means that they are particularly _ to _ |
|
Definition
skull base
facial skeleton
vulnerable
teratogens |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at birth, cranial vault is _ times the size of the facial skeleton but that ratio changes with the growth of _ & _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sinuses in order of appearance |
|
Definition
pre-birth: maxillary then ethmoid
post-birth: sphenoid then frontal |
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|
Term
| sclerotome expresses _ which is crucial in formation of _ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| in the fetus, appearance of _ may be used to assess age |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| fusion of epiphysis with diaphysis occurs _ years earlier in females |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _ & _ secrete _ & _ which causes the central portion of somite to differentiate into a sclerotome |
|
Definition
notocord & floor plate of neural tube
noggin & Shh |
|
|
Term
| _ & _ from _ & _ --> sclerotome formation |
|
Definition
Shh & noggin
notocord & floor plate of neural tube |
|
|
Term
| _ & _ from _ & _ --> dermomyotome |
|
Definition
low Shh & WNT
notocord & roof plate of neural tube |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| *mid portions of dermomyotome become _ under the influence of _ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
dermis
epaxial musculature
hypaxial musculature |
|
|
Term
| expaxial and hypaxial musculature come from what respective parts of the dermomyotome? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _ are important in skeletal development |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
short neck
less than usual # of cervical vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| failure of vertebral arch halves to fuse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| failure of fusion of vertebral arches with vertebral body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hemivertebra--cause
possible result |
|
Definition
failure of one chondrification center to appear
scoliosis |
|
|
Term
| neural folds fail to fuse = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acrania is absence of _ & is usu. associated with _ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of cranial end of neural tube to close |
|
|
Term
| spontaneous fractures in utero caused by Type I collagen deficiency (fatal) = _ _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| marfan syndrome = deficiency of _ found in _ (tissue). characterized by ~ & ~ |
|
Definition
fibrillin
elastic
long limbs & height
lens dislocation (ectopia lentis) |
|
|
Term
| somitomeres 1-3 are called _ _ "_" |
|
Definition
preotic myotomes (somites)
--though they're not technically somites-- |
|
|
Term
| musculature of the pharyngeal arches comes from _ (tissue) from _ (source) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| tongue muscles come from myotomes of _ _ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the occipital somites are aka _ _ _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first pair of occipital somites _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somitomeres 1 & 2 muscles & nerve |
|
Definition
sup, med, & inf. rectus muscles
CN III |
|
|
Term
| somitomere 3 muscle & nerve |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
jaw opening & other arch 2 muscles
CN VII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1&2 III
3 IV
4 V
5 VI
6 VII
7 IX |
|
|
Term
| muscles except _ muscles develop from mesoderm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dorsal primary ramus supplies _ part of dermomyotome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
poland anomaly is _
often associated with _ |
|
Definition
absence of pect. major.
syndactyly |
|
|
Term
prune belly = ~
associated with ~ & ~ |
|
Definition
absence of abdominal muscle
urinary tract disorders
extrophy of bladder |
|
|
Term
| congenital torticollis is caused by |
|
Definition
| tearing of SCM fibers during birth --> muscle fiber death --> shortening |
|
|
Term
| somite differentiation depends on _ that turn on muscle cell lineage |
|
Definition
| myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) |
|
|
Term
| _ & _ are respectively essential for development of hypaxial and epaxial muscle |
|
Definition
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