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| The set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence their interactions with and adaptations to the environment. |
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| Howe we are "like all others" traits and mechanisms of personality that are typical of our species and possessed by nearly every one |
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| Refer to ways in which each person is like some other people |
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| refer to ways in which the people of one group differ from people of another group |
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| How we are "like no others". this refers to the fact that every individual has a personality combination of qualities not shared by any other person in the world |
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| Grand Theories of Personality |
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| Attempt to provide universal accounts of the fundamental psychological processes and characteristics of our species. Statements about the universal core of human nature. |
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| Six Domains of Knowledge about human nature |
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| Dispositional, Biological, Intrapsychic, Cognitive-Experiential, Social and Cultural, Adjustment. |
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| Deals with ways in which individuals differ, focuses on the number and nature of fundamental dispositions. cuts across all other domains |
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| Humans are collections of biological systems, and these systems provide building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotion. |
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| Deals with mental mechanisms of personality, many of which operate outside conscious awareness |
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| Cognitive-Experiential Domain |
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| Focuses on cognition and subjective experience, such as thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires about oneself and others. |
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| Social and Cultural Domain |
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| Assumption that personality affects and is affected by cultural and social contexts |
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| personality plays a key role in how we cope, adapt, and adjust to events in daily life. |
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| Information provided by a person such as through a survey or interview |
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| Unstructured Survey items |
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| open ended questions which allow the subject to think relatively creatively |
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| Responses are limited to selecting from a list of supplied responses |
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| Information provided by someone else about another person |
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| Information provided by standardized tests or testing situation. |
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| a specific kind of T-Data which includes information about physical markers such as arousal level. |
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| Based on an interpretation of an ambiguous, but standardized image. This is also an example of an unstructured item. |
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| Information that can be gleaned from events, activities, and outcomes in a person's life. |
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| Process by which multiple data sources are used to reduce the total error in a set of data. |
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| Degree to which measure represents "true" level of trait being measured. Similar to Accuracy. |
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| Degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure |
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| Degree to which a measurement retains validity across different contexts. |
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| Only method able to determine causality. |
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| analyzes the strength of correlation between two variables. |
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| in depth examinations of the life of a single subject. |
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Considered to be either Internal Causal properties or Purely Descriptive Summaries.
characteristics that describe ways in which people are different from and similar to each other. and average tendencies. |
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| Based on the existence of traits via synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality |
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| Identifies groups of items that covary or go together in order to isolate underlying factors |
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| Importance of variables is dependent on the particular idea at hand. |
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| Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality |
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| Based on the criteria of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism which were believed to be highly heritable |
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| Based on 16 different factors which were unreliably replicated and somewhat repetitive. |
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| Based on interpersonal traits and focused on a location on two axes based on status and love |
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| Based on the principles of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism, this is the most popular of the trait taxonomies |
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| Believed that traits were a waste of time and instead proposed a study of situationism |
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| If behavior varies across situations, then situational differences and not personality traits determine behavior |
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| The processes of personality: inputs, decision rules, and outputs (categorical actions) |
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| carries within themselves at all times and through situations |
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| traits and mechanisms are linked to one another in a coherent fashion. |
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| forces for personality (such as traits and mechanisms) can have an effect on people's lives. |
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| person-environment interactions |
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| Perceptions, selection, evocation, and manipulations |
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| how we interpret an environment |
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| the manner in which we choose situations to enter (hobbies/careers) |
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| reaction which we produce in others |
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| ways in which we intentionally attempt to influence others |
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| central feature of personality concerns adaptive functioning. |
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| goal directed, purposeful, and functional even when it appears not to be |
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| physical, social, and intrapsychic, each pose a different challenge. |
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| represents only the small subset of features that our psychological mechanisms direct us to attend and respond to. |
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| nomothetic approach to describing individuals |
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| Research involving statistical comparisons involving individuals or groups, requiring samples or groups on which to conduct research. Typically applied to discover universal dimensions of individual or group differences. |
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| ideographic approach to describing individuals |
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| study of a single life and the evolution of traits over time. |
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| between the grand theories of psychology and the contemporary scientific research. |
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| Three questions that guide personality research |
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"How do we conceptualize traits?" "How do we identify which are the most important"
"How can we form a comprehensive taxonomy of traits?" |
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