Term
|
Definition
| Mediator molecules that are secreted directly into the blood by endocrine glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located on the plasma membrane or in the intracellular compartment of a target cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by negative and positive feedback. |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine system consists of: |
|
Definition
| Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands. |
|
|
Term
| Other organs that secrete hormones but are not endocrine glands: |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, gonads, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestines, skin, heart and placenta. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Controls the internal environment, physical and mental stress, growth and development, reproduction, and metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific target cells. Bind to protein or glycoprotein receptors. |
|
|
Term
| Hormone target cells have: |
|
Definition
| The ability to up or down regulate receptors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glandular neoplasms and Ectopic hormone release. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptors disorders, inadequate hormone synthesis, and degraded or inactivated hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. |
|
|
Term
| The anterior lobe of the pituitary is: |
|
Definition
| Adenohypophysis. Anatomically and functionally connected to the hypothalamus by blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| The posterior lobe of the pituitary is: |
|
Definition
| Neurohypophysis. Anatomically and functionally connected to the hypothalamus by neurosecretory neurons. |
|
|
Term
| Two hormones produced by neurohypophysis are: |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates Oxytocin release: |
|
Definition
| Childbirth, suckling, and coitus. |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates ADH release: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tells kidneys to prevent secretion of water. Increases aquaporin production. |
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone decreases: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)is |
|
Definition
| Either an abnormally high ADH levels or low ADH levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water retention, inability of the body to excrete dilute urine, Hypervolemia, and Hyponatremia (low sodium). |
|
|
Term
| High levels of ADH result in: |
|
Definition
| Increase in Intracellular water retention and cellular edema. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opposite of SIADH. Low levels of ADH hormone. |
|
|
Term
| Insufficient release of ADH leads to: |
|
Definition
| High urine output levels. |
|
|
Term
| Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus: |
|
Definition
| Lesion in hypothalamus or pituitary resulting in decreased ADH secretion. |
|
|
Term
| Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: |
|
Definition
| Insensitivity of renal tubes to ADH. |
|
|
Term
| Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)released from Hypothalamus to: |
|
Definition
| Anterior Pituitary releases Human Growth Hormone (HGH) and stimulates growth of body cells. |
|
|
Term
| Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone released from Hypothalamus to: |
|
Definition
| Anterior Pituitary which releases Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)and it stimulates the Thyroid gland. |
|
|
Term
| Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)is released from the Hypothalamus to: |
|
Definition
| Anterior pituitary and releases Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) that stimulates the adrenal cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is released from the Hypothalamus to: |
|
Definition
| Anterior Pituitary that releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Ova/Sperm development and production. |
|
|
Term
| Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH)is released from the Hypothalamus to: |
|
Definition
| Anterior Pituitary which releases Lutenizing Hormone (LT) which matures uterine lining, testosterone, and ovulation. |
|
|
Term
| Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH) is released from Hypothalamus to: |
|
Definition
| Anterior Pituitary that releases Prolactin (PRL) which stimulates lactation of mammary glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infarction of the gland, removal/destruction of the pituitary, pituitary adenomas and aneurysms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absence of all hormones. Treatment may consist of replacing HGH, ACTH, TSH, and sex hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Hypopituitarism (insufficient HGH): |
|
Definition
| Insufficient HGH release during growth phase. Dwarfism. Normal face, intelligence and body proportions. |
|
|
Term
| Hyperpituitarism (High HGH): |
|
Definition
| Giantism. High levels of HGH during growth phase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess HGH during adulthood. Production of too much tissue. Nerve entrapment, and increased body odor due to enlarged sweat glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two lateral lobes on either side of larynx. |
|
|
Term
| How long of a supply does the Thyriod store: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sacs call thyroid follicles secrete: |
|
Definition
| Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyrine (T3) |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones regulate: |
|
Definition
| O2 use, increase basal metabolic rate, increase carb and protein use, Increase reactivity in nervous system, assists HGH with growth and development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypothyriodism BMR decreases.
Hyperthyriodism BMR increases. |
|
|
Term
| Thyriodism affects Sympathetic response: |
|
Definition
Hypothyriodism decreases response.
Hyperthyriodism increases response. |
|
|
Term
| Thyriodism affects weight: |
|
Definition
Hypothyriodism gains weight.
Hyperthyriodism loses weight. |
|
|
Term
| Thyriodism affects temperature tolerance: |
|
Definition
Hypothyriodism cold intolerance and decreases sweating.
Hyperthyriodism heat intolerance and increased sweating. |
|
|
Term
| Thyriodism affects GI function: |
|
Definition
Hypothyriodism is constipation and decreased appetite.
Hyperthyriodism is diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
| Thyriodism affects Cardio function: |
|
Definition
Hypothyriodism low output and bradycardic.
Hyperthyriodism is increased output and tachycardic. |
|
|
Term
| Thyriodism affects respiratory function: |
|
Definition
Hypothyriodism has hypoventilation.
Hyperthyriodism has Dyspnea. |
|
|
Term
| Thyriodism affects muscle tone/reflexes: |
|
Definition
Hypothyriodism is decreased.
Hyperthyriodism is increased. |
|
|
Term
| Thyriodism affects Appearance by: |
|
Definition
Hypothyriodism is Myxedematous.
Hyperthyriodism is enlarged thyroid and decreased blinking. |
|
|
Term
| Thyriodism affects general behavior by: |
|
Definition
Hypothyriodism has mental retardation (infant) and mental and physical sluggishness.
Hyperthyriodism has restlessness, irritable, anxious and wakefulness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine. Grows massive because of too much TSH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autoimmune disorder where antibodies bind to TSH receptors instead of TSH. Weight loss, nervousness and bulging eyes. |
|
|
Term
| Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm): |
|
Definition
| Manifests as hyperthermia, tachycardia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, high output heart failure, agitation, and delirium. If untreated Pt can die in 48 hours. Severe Hyperthyroidism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypothyroidism. Prolonged insufficient thyroxin during adulthood. Connective tissue is separated by excessive protein and mucopolysaccharides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe Hypothyroidism. Hypothermia, hypoventilation, hypotension, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, and deterioration of mental status. |
|
|
Term
| Congenital Hypothyroidism: |
|
Definition
| Insufficient thyroid hormone during growth phase. Signs are abdominal protrusion, umbulical hernia, low temperature, slow pulse, lethargy, and excessive sleeping. |
|
|
Term
| Congenital Hypothyriodism causes: |
|
Definition
| Mental retardation, stunted skeletal growth due to low hormones during fetal life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted when plasma Ca++ is low. Increases Ca absorption in GI tract, reabsorption by kidneys, and osteoclastic activity. |
|
|
Term
| Osteoblastic and Osteoclastic activity is caused by: |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin (thyroid) and PTH. Does not involve the pituitary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by parathyroid adenomas. Compensation response to hypocalcemia. Increased demineralization of bone, bone pain, abnormal curvatures, fragile bones and fractures. High plasma Ca leads to other problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by damage to parathyroid during surgery. Causes muscle spasms (because of low Ca in plasma), Low Ca causes skeletal muscle spasms and twitches. Treatment is oral Ca and vitamin D. |
|
|
Term
| Pancreas releases what two hormones: |
|
Definition
| Glucagon (alpha cells) and Insulin (beta cells). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases blood glucose. Acts on hepatocytes (liver) to convert glycogen to glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreases blood glucose. Speeds glucose to glycogen and accelerates diffusion of glucose into cells. |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes Mellitus Type 1: |
|
Definition
| Typically immune disease of children. |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: |
|
Definition
| Typically a complex multifactorial disease of adults. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphasia, and polyuria (lots of urine). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
More than 1 fasting glucose >126mg/dl.
2 hour glucose tolerance test >200mg/dl.
random blood glucose >200mg/dl. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic factor plus a trigger. Beta cells destroyed by islet of cell antibodies (results in deficiency of insulin). Usually occurs before 30 yrs of age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 90-95% have type 2. Genetics plus environmental factor (obesity). Develops after age 45. Pancreas can't keep up with demand and there is resistance at the receptor level. |
|
|
Term
| Glycoslated Hemoglobin (HbA1c): |
|
Definition
| Increased blood glucose results in sugar being deposited on hemoglobin A molecules. Called HbA1c. Used to measure long term glucose. Should be 5%. |
|
|
Term
| Hypoglycemia and insulin shock: |
|
Definition
| Acute diabetic problem. Pt's weak, anxious, confused, and sweaty. Glucose <30mm/dl (infants) and <60mm/dl (adults). Treatment is fast acting carbohydrate. |
|
|
Term
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): |
|
Definition
| Complete lack of insulin. Body catabolizes fatty acids for glucose. Produces fruity ketones. Nausea, vomiting, coma, irritation, and general diabetic symptoms. Glucose level >300mm/dl. |
|
|
Term
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) treatment: |
|
Definition
| Insulin, electrolyte and fluid replacement. |
|
|
Term
| Hyperosmolar hyperglycenic non-ketotic syndrome (HHNKS): |
|
Definition
| Slow onset. No fruity ketones developed. Blood glucose >700mm/dl and severe dehydration. |
|
|
Term
| Chronic complications of Diabetes: |
|
Definition
| Microvascular disease, Macrovascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, infections, retinopathy and nephropathry. |
|
|
Term
| Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex: |
|
Definition
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol).
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone).
Gonadocorticoids. |
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) regulates: |
|
Definition
| Metabolism. Promotes breakdown of protiens and fats for glucose. Helps body deal with stress. Anti-inflammatory. Immune suppressive. |
|
|
Term
| Mineralocoticoids (Aldosterone) regulates: |
|
Definition
| Water and electrolytes (Na+ and K+). Aldosterone conserves Na+ and H2O but promotes excretion of H+ and K+. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess cortisol cause by adrenal tumor and excess excretion of ACTH. Causes fat redistribution. Moon face, buffalo hump, and a hanging abdomen. Pt's have slow wound healing, hyperglycemia, acne, osteoporosis and infections. |
|
|
Term
| Conn disease (Hyperaldosteronism): |
|
Definition
| Excessive Aldosterone secretion. conserves Na+ and H2O, wastes K+. Hypertension, hypokalemia (potassium wasting) and resulting neuromuscular manifestations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rare. Hypersecretion of weak androgens (DHEA) results in masculinizing (deep voice and more body hair).
Hypersecretion of estrogens results in Feminization (female sex characteristics). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex leading to Hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone. Causes weight loss, muscle weakness, hypotension, hypoglycemia, Na+ loss, K+ retention, and dehydration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acts on sympathetic nervous response. Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
|
|
Term
| Pheochromocytoma Adrenal Medulla disorder: |
|
Definition
| Usually caused by medullary tumors. Increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Prolonged fight or flight. Signs and symptoms are hypertension, diaphoresis, tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, increased metabolism, hyperglycemia, and glucosuria (glucose in the urine). |
|
|
