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| central Mexico; irrigated crops of maize, beans, peppers, tomatoes, chiles, and cotton; large and powerful army; city of Tula; |
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| important center of weaving, pottery, and obsidian work; Toltec city; serious difficulties ads conflicts arose between different ethnic groups; |
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| city of Tenochtitlan; kidnapped women and seized land; ruled by military elite; launched ambitious campaigns of imperial expansion; received food crops and manufactured items as tribute; no elaborate bureaucracy or administration; left local governance in the hands of conquered peoples; no permanent army; rigidly hierarchal; public honors and rewards went mostly to the military elite; warriors received extensive land grants; most successful warriors formed a council who selected the ruler, discussed public issues, and filled government positions; women had almost no role in political affairs; women could no inherit property; women who died in childbirth won the same fame as men who died valiantly on the battlefield; priests received special education; most slaves were not foreign; artisans had considerable prestige; ritual bloodletting; sacrificial killings of humans; |
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| Mexica/Aztec city; used chinampas for agriculture; surrounding lake waters protected the city on all sides from attack; |
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| Pueblo and Navajo Societies |
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| irrigated crops of maize; suffered from periodic droughts; |
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| large-scale agricultural society; built defensive walls |
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| stages for ceremonies and rituals; burial sites; Cahokia is the largest surviving mound; |
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| depended on the cultivation of potatoes and the herding of llamas and alpacas; terraced fields; |
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| large and thriving society; irrigation systems; considerable wealth; clear distinctions between social classes; capital city of Chanchan |
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| Pachacuit launched a series of military campaigns; huge empire; military and administrative elite; implemented taxes; extensive network of roads; used quipus to keep track of records; Cuzco was an administrative, religious, and ceremonial center; did not generate large classes of merchants; ruler was a deity descended from the sun; life beyond death; strong moral thoughts; |
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| aboriginal Australians frequently met and interacted with other peoples; trade goods passed from one group to another; religion did not appeal to outsiders; |
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| developed regional trade networks; productive agricultural and fishing societies; dense populations; high chiefs allocated lands to families, mobilized labor for construction projects, and organized men into military forces; |
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