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| level plains, short grass, 10-20 inches of rain per year, between savanna and desert |
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| tall grass, always hot, 30-50 inches of rain per year, scattered trees, dry winter/ rainy summer |
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| little vegetation, less than 10 inches of rain per year |
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| always hot and rainy, bad for farming, 150 of rain, leaching |
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| rainy/mild winters, warm/ dry summers |
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| opposite of an island, spot of water in a desert |
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| "Land of blacks", grasslands NORTH of equator |
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| Largest Country in Africa (Population) |
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| Largest Country (Land Mass) |
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| Largest City (Population) |
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| Tanzania, 19340 ft, highest peak in Africa |
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| East Africa, Tanzania & Kenya? |
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| Life Expectancy in Somalia |
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| Africa was very unknkown to Europeans around 3000BCE-1400s |
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| longest river (4132 miles), flows from south to north, Mediterranean Sea, provided irrigation from flooding and fertilizer |
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| 2nd largest in Africa, forms border between South Africa and Zimbabwe and parts of the ones between South Africa Botswana and Mozambique, Central Southern Africa |
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| also known as Zaire River, West Central Africa, deepest river in the world |
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| western Africa, 3rd largest, runs in a crescent through Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria |
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| southern Africa, Nambia and South Africa |
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| 3000-1000BC, used pyramids for tombs, scholars can read the hieroglyphics, 1st calendar, mummification, spinx, math based on 10,m mostly farmers, NILE RIVER |
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| lasted 2000 years (1600BCE-350CE), scholars cant read their writing so little is known, below Egypt |
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| 325CE-725 CE, dependent on agriculture and trade, East Africa, Ethiopian Highlands, adopted Christianity in 350CE |
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| Abu Bakar 2: dreamed of exploring ocean went out with 200 ships but only 1 returns, Mansa Musa: "Emperor Moses" pilgrimage to Mecca, made Timbuktu famous, West Africa, 1000-1500s |
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| covered size of Western Eurioe, defeated by Morocco in 1590 |
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| "land of gold", set limitation on gold sold, protected trade routes, 1957: 1st indpendent nation of Britain, Gold Coast |
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| pepper, cloth, cotton, ivory, slaves, terra cotta artwork |
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| 1200s-1600s, South Africa |
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| stone enclosure, between Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers |
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| Mali, Mansa Musa made Timbuktu famous |
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| slave trade, West Africa, "Gold Coast" |
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| city states, Arabia/ Persia/ Asia traders, East Africa, mainly in Kenya Tanzania Somalia and Mozambique, urban culture, gold, ivory, slaves, leopards |
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| slave trade, along Mediterranean Sea, North Africa, includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, &Egypt |
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| Dutch for "farmers", descendents of Dutch in South Africa |
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| contolled the most people |
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| controlled Congo River Area |
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| leader: Shaka, all men were proud to join the military, now: 7million in Southern Africa, 1819:ruled most of Southeast Africa, Age Grades |
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| Belguim, brutal control, cousin to Queen Victoria of UK, founder/ owner of Congo Free State |
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| shortens travel time between Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea, Egypt |
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| capital of Liberia, 1822, Freed Americans went there |
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| Scottish medical missionary, named Victoria Falls, rumored dead |
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| born in wales Great Britain, "explorer", worked for Leopold 2, journalist in America, legacy of destroying Congo, "Finds Livingstone" |
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| named in 1840s by Dr. Livingstone |
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| attitude towards Africans, discrimination, systematic inequality, Europe thought they couldnt be in charge of their own land & resources |
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| native empires overtaken, by 1914: almost all of Africa overtaken by Europeans |
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| 1000 languages, widely spoken: Arabic, Swahili, Hausa |
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| African National Congress, 1912, South Africans pushed for black representation in South African's parliament |
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| 1900, WEB Dubois- leader, West Indians and Americans defending rights of all African descendants |
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| Jamacian, 1914, UNIA, freedom for all blacks, urged all blacks to return to Africa |
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| apartness/ separate devolpment, white minority rule, pass laws, interracial marriages banned, Europe practiced 1st, 1948: offical goverment policy, policy of segregation, each race classified |
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Robben island prison, worked as a political prisoner in South Africa, 1st black president, ended apartheid, won Nobel Peace prize with deKlerk in 1993
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| 1957, 1st independent nation of Britain |
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| 1960, totally unprepared for independence, riots and civil war, Belguim |
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1963, land disputes(1% ownded all land), Britain |
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| French, only French owned to choose full independence, 1958 |
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| asked UN and soviets for help with newly independent Congo, killed by rivals in cooperation from Belguim and Us in 1961 |
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| gains power as president after Lumumba is dead, president til 1997 |
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| herders,more powerful historically,pastoral |
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| 3rd smaller group, uninvolved in ethnic conflicts between Hutu and Tutsi |
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| someone used to blame problems on |
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| no functioning goverment since 1991, rival warlords(6 major clans), famine, disease |
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| 1/3 of the country relies on food aid |
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| Pirate Activity in Somalia |
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| Horn of Africa, Puntland, Vital Waterways: Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea, stop ships and hold people hostage for ransom |
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| 4'-4'8" adults, central Africa, thick tropical forest, Baka and Efa tribes, 150000 population, way of like threatened |
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| 500 CE, start out as isolated but quickly built trade routes, 800 CE: came under rule of Varangians |
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| Byzantine Empire, 300-1453 CE, captial was Constantinople, now is called Istanbul, present-day Turkey |
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| By 900: ruled by princes, loose union of city states |
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| same thing spelt differently, came from "Caesar" › emperor, autocratic (allpowerful) |
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| 1st czar, "Ivan the Great", ruled from 1462-1505, was grand prince of Moscow, rebuilt Kremlin (fortress) |
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| grandson of Ivan 3, ruled 1533-1584, set up Oprichniki, "The Terrible" or "The Awesome", smart, cruel, pious |
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| secret police set up by Ivan 4, terrorized people into submission |
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| very reliogus, used to describe Ivan 4 |
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| 900s, weathly merchants and landed nobles helped advise princes |
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| escaped serfs, fleed to borderland, self governing, skilled fighters, Ukraine and Russia, group of pioneers |
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| Time of Trouble in Russia |
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| after Ivan IV's death, series of weak leaders, false czars fought for power, country torn apart by: famine, plague, and peasant revolts |
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| named czar in 1615, order restored, peasants were called serfs (worked land, taxes, serve in army) |
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| 1689, nearly 7 ft. tall, toured Europe because Russia was far behind, wanted land around Baltic Sea, founded St. Petersburg("Window to the West"), brought back Western ways: education, clothing, military, social customs (men had to shave beards) |
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| 1762, bloodless coup d' etat gave her power, loved french ways(Frenchophile), Prussian royalty, expanded territory into Ukraine and Russia, successful in forgein policy, leading country in forgein affairs, married Peter III, By 1800: Russia's people had fewest rights of all of Europe |
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| 1894-1917, silenced opposition, refused to withdraw, abdictaed and assinated |
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| an economic system characterized by public ownership and centralized planning of all major industries (manufacturing, services, and energy), banks and insurance companies, agribusiness, transportation, the media, and medical facilities. |
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| goverment of USSR, A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. |
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| The political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed as the basis for communism. |
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An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, will end according to Lenin |
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| 2 revolutions-February (march) and november, russian people against war, disatisfaction to revolution, Nicholas 2 refused to withdraw |
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| developed during Stalin's rule, used to allow Russia to become an industrial power, dictates wages and production |
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| French, invades Russian in 1812, Russia wins |
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| writers,students, artists, chief opponents of goverment |
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| "majority", lead by Lenin, wanted to make peace with Germany, Reds in Civil war, communist side, sought to control Soviets, encouraged peasants to seize farms and factories |
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| The text that serves as the beginning of the communist movement, German Marxist political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels |
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| working class, deserved power according to Lenin |
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| elite, Lenin thinks need to be overthrown |
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The sudden overthrow of a government by a usually small group of persons in or previously in positions of authority, Catherine the Greats way to power
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| Siberian work camps, Stalin |
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| weathy landowners, wiped out |
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| Marxism, leader of socialist Russian revolution, introduced New Economic Policy (NEP), Father of Revolution, died-1924 |
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| power struggle with Stalin after Lenin's death in 1924, wanted to promote world wide communist revolution, led Red Army to victory, exiled in 1928, assinated in Mexico in 1940, all traces of his name and associates were killed after he was |
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| power struggle with Trotsky 1924, wanted to build up USSR, "Man of Steel", stayed in Moscow, made Russia industrial power, paranoid, got rid of those against communism |
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| 1960s, denounces Stalin as murderer of innocent people, new Soviet leader, USSR becomes more relaxed, Cuban missile Crisis |
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| 1970s, realized western technology was needed to improve industry, cracked down on dissidents, still arms buildup of nuclear weapons |
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| 1980s, nuclear plant explosion at Chernobyl, sets USSR on new course |
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| 1990s, serves as president of "Russia" after fall of USSR in 1991, emerges as popular leader |
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| prime minister of Russia today |
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| old school people, attempted a coup |
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| built by Soviets in 1961, separates East and West Berlin, brain dead, symbol of iron curtain, Westerners could travel freely but Easterners could not leave |
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| one who loves and defends his country, an advocate of naational independence |
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| Joseph Stalin's made up name |
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| division between West/ East and democracy/ communism |
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| commonwealth of independent states, 1994-present, 1/6 of world land, counterpart to European union, made up of countries of former USSR amd other European countries,Mother Russia |
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| # of Time Zones in Russia |
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| alphabet, named in honor of Cyril (Byzantine Missionary), still used today,influence of Christian conversion |
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| A painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches, a person or thing regarded as a representative symbol of something |
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| gives Russia sense of unity, obedience, isolated from West, developed own civilization, community's rights before individuals |
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| Former Yugoslavia Countries |
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| Today: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia |
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| Josip Broz, debt and unequal development causes unrest, stable and friendly with west for many years, dies-1980 |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization, gets involved in 1995 |
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| Capital of ivory coast/ CÔte d'Ivoure |
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| capital of czech republic |
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