Term
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Definition
| a set of shared attitudes, beliefs, and values for a group of people |
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Term
| why did early civilizations settle near river valleys? |
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Definition
| water-> fertile soil-> grow crops |
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Definition
| the movement of goods + ideas from one place to another |
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Definition
| form of gov't that excersizes complete political, social, economic, cultural, and spiritual control. |
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Definition
| a gov't in which the state plans and controls the economy and and a single party holds power. |
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Definition
| gov't where people have power |
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Definition
| gov't subject to religious authority ex: Iran. |
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Term
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
market, mixed, and planned |
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Definition
market: consumers/sellers/buyers answer the questions
mixed: both gov't and sellers answer questions
planned: gov't answers questions |
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Term
| What are the three basic economic questions? |
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Definition
| what to make, how to make, and for whom to make? |
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Term
| What are the similarities between judiasm, christianity, and hinduism |
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Definition
Monotheistic
Belived Jerusalsem is a holy city
Have a Holy Book
Beleive in Prophers
Prayers |
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Term
| What is the order of the caste cystem in Hinduism? |
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Definition
Bhramin (Priests, Academics)
Kshatryia (Warriors, Kings)
Vaishya (Merchents, Landowners)
Sudra (Commoners, Peasants, Servants)
Untouchables (Outcastts- out of caste)
Street Sweepers, Latrine Cleaners |
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Term
| Who is Siddhartha Gautama |
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Definition
Developed Buddhism
Believed in Karma and Reincarnation and rejected the caste system
wanted to find the cause of human suffering and misery |
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Term
| What is the cause of suffering? |
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Definition
| Desire, the only way to end suffering is to crush desire |
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Term
| What are the similarities between Hinduism and Buddhism? |
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Definition
Similarities:
Reincarnation and Karma
Salvation acheieved when soul escapes body |
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Term
| What is the differences between hinduism and buddhism? |
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Definition
Hinduism:
not based on a central individual
People held together with a set of strongly held common beleifs; Caste System
Buddhism:
break the cycle of reincarnation by following the Noble Eight Path
Denied the exsistance of good
Believed priests were not neccessary because people had to seek Nirvana
Rejected the caste system |
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Term
| Who were the Pericules in Athens? |
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Definition
| they instituted a direct democracy |
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Term
| How did the Roman Republic work? |
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Definition
| citizens have the right to vote and choose their leaders. Like Greece, citizenship was limited. Woman, slaves, and foreigners could not vote or hold public office. |
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Term
| Codification of Roman Law: Twelve Tables |
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Definition
| Plebiana demands result in the Tweleve tables which prevented judges (who were nobles) from twisting unwritten laws to favor their own class.; this applied to all citizens |
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Term
| Codification of Roman Law: Law of Nations |
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Definition
| this included: innocent until proven guilty and accused persons are allowed to defend themselves |
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Definition
| Political, social, and economic control system based on loyalty and military service. |
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Term
| What events led to the decline of the Middle Ages? |
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Definition
| The Crusades, which helped bring a fall to feudalism.. led to: growth of towns, growth of middle class. The Black Death in Italy, ad the weakening of the Church (Black Death is god's punishment, babylonian captivity, great schism (one pope in Avignon and one in Rome) |
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Term
Where was the birth place of the Renaissance?
Questioning spirit of the Renaissance? |
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Definition
Florence, Italy
They emphasized reason and had a QUESTIONING ATTITUDE over faith and authority. |
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Term
| What is humanism and what are its five themes? |
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Definition
humanism was a literary movement that concerned itself with everyday instead of religious matters.
Five themes:
1) individualism (think for yourself)
2)worldliness (learn about the world)
2) learning (desire for knowledge)
3) antiquity (learn about classes)
5) reform (to change) |
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Term
What is patronage?
Which family is the most famous patron of the arts? |
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Definition
when you fund art
the medici family who funded Michael DiAngelo |
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Term
| characteristics of Renaissance art? |
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Definition
| perspective, 3-d images, realism, attention to detail, desire for perfection |
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Term
| what is sfumato, chiaroscuro, putti, and frescoes? |
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Definition
sfumato: smoke-like effect
chiaroscuro: emphasis on light and shade in a picture
putti: cherubic often winged and naked figures symbolizing love and happiness
frescoes: paintings done on wet plaster |
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Term
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Definition
| painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David, and Moses (good works has an oil lamp shining at faith to show that faith is the true was to get to heaven, head isn;t looking @ the audience because he wants them to choose their own faith, pope looks down @ moses, in relaxed position -> humble) |
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Term
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Definition
1) self portrait-> used sfumato, chiaroscuro, considered the "master of chiaroscuro"
2) Night Watch
3) The Anatomy Lesson (learning about the human body, chiarscuro, science) |
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Term
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Definition
Virgin on the Rocks-- used atmospheric perspective
Mona Lisa |
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Term
Machiavelli, The Prince
Why is it better to be feared than loved?
What does the "end justifies the means" mean? |
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Definition
When you are feared, it is safer because people are afraid to hurt you.
"end justifies the means"--> the end is all that matters, doesn't matter how you get there. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Thomas More (wrote Utopia) and Machiavelli (wrote the prince) |
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Definition
| Machiavelli used realism. (1) be a student of war (2) know how to do wrong (3) "it is much better to be feared than loved". More used idealism--> believed that people are good |
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Term
| Who invented the printing press? |
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Definition
| Johann Gutenburg... helped spread religion by printing bibles |
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Term
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Definition
Astrolabe- used stars to make measurements
magnetic compass
caraval- small ship |
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Term
| Martin Luther and the 95 theses |
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Definition
posted complaints against the Catholic Church on Church Door.
Included:
Justification by faith
bibal is final authority, not pope (also represented in Moses)
civil courts should have more power than religious courts
priests should marry |
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Term
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Definition
| started the church of england aka the anglican chuch |
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Term
| John Calvin- predestination |
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Definition
| it was predetermined at birth if you were going to heaven o hell. yoyoyo |
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Term
Abuses of the Catholic Churh:
Sale of Indulgences
Sale of relice
simony
worldliness
church courts stronger than civil authority
exemption from taxes |
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Definition
indulgences: pieces of paper that you pay for so you can go to heaven
relics: church artifacts
simony: selling of church jobs
nepotism: giving jobs to family members
worldliness: popes and high clergy lived extravagant lifestyles |
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Term
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Definition
| spread the Catholic message |
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Term
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Definition
| church re-affirms its teachings by stressing faith and good works to get into heaven and the supreme leadership of the pope |
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Term
| Inquisitions against heretics: Galileo |
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Definition
| the church threatened him because he believed that the earth revolved around the sun which went against church teachings. |
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Term
| Results of the reformation? |
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Definition
End of religious unity
Civil strife/religious wars
Strengthening civil authority ( state seizing church property), Preace of Augsburg |
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Term
| What are the three reasons why European nations are motivated to explore |
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Definition
1)gold= resources that made $
2) God= to spread religion
3)Glory= land--> power |
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Term
| What is the Treaty of Tordesillas? |
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Definition
| portugal gets eastern hemisphere and spain gets western hemisphere ; solved land distribution |
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Term
| What are the three events that led to the Age of Exploration? |
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Definition
| crusades, rise of nations, and the renaissance |
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Term
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Definition
| god has chosen you to rule |
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Term
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Definition
| called himself the "sun king" bc all of the planets revolve around the sun. "I am the state" is his catch phrase. |
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Term
| Limits on english monarchy: magma carta, parliament, english bill of rights |
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Definition
magma carta--> guarenteed the nobles certain rights,
bill of rights-->made parliament stronger than monarch |
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Term
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Definition
-created a strong army
-appointed royal governers to replace local officials
- government control over Russian Orthodox Church
-modernization (westernization of Russia)
- capital moved to st. petersburg
effects of peter the great-->
strengthens Russians role in foreign affairs
destroyed Eastern Orthodox Culture
Tax burden falls on poorest social groups
westernization vs. traditional culture |
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Term
| Thomas Hobbes and John Locke |
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Definition
Locke--> people are naturally good, people are born with blank slates (tabula rasa), believed in natural rights>> life, liberty, property... Inspires the Declaration of Indepence (the gov't must protect your natural rights, if it doesn't then you have the right to overthrow it
Thomas Hobbes--> people are greedy + selfish, strong govt was needed to protect chaos |
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Term
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Definition
| freedom of religion, speech, and press |
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Term
Rousseau- Social contract (argued against monarchy), Emile (education should not go against nature)
>> what is general will? |
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Definition
| do whats best for majority |
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Term
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Definition
| seperation of powers, advocated 3 branches (legislative, executive, judicial). Influences the Constitution |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Adam smith-- what is invisible hand/ Iaissez faire economics? |
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Definition
| gov;t shouldnt interfere with economics, society benefits if all individuals are free to pursue their own economic self-interests |
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Term
| What were the political, social, and economic causes of the French Revolution? |
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Definition
politicial:Louis XVI: inaffective, indecisive leader; spent $ on American Revolution and Marie Antoinette:disliked by people; spent a lot of money for her own benefits "madam of deficit"
social: ???
economic:????? |
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Term
| Burden of the Third Estate |
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Definition
| the third estate (97% of the population) had to pay all of the taxes with the first and second estate were exempt from taxes |
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Term
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Definition
| Third Estates form Nation Assembly; promise to keep meeting until they write a French Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| in July 14, 1789, the Bastille was attacked; this symbolized the end of the old regime/order |
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Term
| Declaration of The Rights of Man |
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Definition
created by the National Assembly;
all men were created equal
born with rights to liberty, property, security, resistance, and oppression
freedom of religion, speech, and press |
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Term
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Definition
| wanted a republic with out a king |
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Term
| Committee of Public Safety |
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Definition
| led by Robespierre, made to protect France from foreign and domestic enemies, killed anyone anti-revolutionary |
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Term
| Robespierre and the Reign of Terror |
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Definition
| Committee of Public safety supresses foreign and domestic uprisings, de-christianization |
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Term
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Definition
| Reason why FR is radical, wrote Friend of the People, wanted to reform 3rd estate and against enemies of the revolution, influenced people through his writing, murdered by Charolette Cordia, became a martyr for revolution |
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Term
| What was the slogan of France? |
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Definition
| Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity |
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Term
| What were the results of the French Revoltution? |
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Definition
End of Church Privileges (no more tithes)
Democratic Ideals (liberty, equality, fraternity)
Intensified Spirit of Nationalism (backfires during age of Napolean)
Worldwide influence--> Democracy and nationalism inspire countries in western europe, latin america, and africa |
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Term
| What are the causes of the Industrial Revolution? |
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Definition
1) Agricultural Revolution--> increase food supply, less need for labor
2) The Enclosure Movement
-->Fenced in public land which forced small farmers to move to cities
3) Increased population
4)Resources (natural- coal, iron, harbors and financial- capital)
5) markets |
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Term
| What are the results of the industrial revolution? |
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Definition
positives: factory system results in the employment going up for unskilled labor, growth in economy (gives a higher standard of living in middle class), advancement in technology (mass production)
NEGATIVES: skilled laborers lose jobs, pollution, bad working conditions, child labor, large disparity (difference) between the factory owners and the workers. |
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Term
| How did Napoleon fulfill AND betreay the revolution? |
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Definition
fulfill: made peace with Catholic Church, pope agrees not to ask for the return of the church lands seized in the revolution.;; the civil code--> preserved equality of all citizens, right of individual to choose proffession, religious tolerance, abolishes serfdom and feudalism.;;;
opened gov't careers to individuals based on their ability.
BETRAY: under civil code, woman are less equal than man, replaced liberty with depotism, shut down 60 of 73 newspapers. |
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Term
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Definition
-equality of all citizens
-right of individual to choose profession
-religious toleration
-abolishes serfdom and feudalism
-makes woman less equal than men |
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Term
| The rise and fall of napoleon |
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Definition
| Gained the trust of people by supporting ideals of French Revolution, desire for power--> invades Russa, -> weak military -> other countries attack France's weak army-> sends Napoleon into exile into island of Elba-> battle of Waterloo--> exiled to St. Helena |
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