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| Commercial Revolution Characteristics |
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Definition
| Nations looking for new trade routes-led to new explorations, Nations sought new sources of wealth and new economic theories/practices to deal with new found wealth, Nations had to desire for increased world power through colonial empires |
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| Effects of Commercial Revolution |
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| increased world trade, population increases and stronger middle class, shift from old market ports of Mediterranean to trans-Atlantic trade, trade restrictions, slave trade/Triangle trade, Changes in social structure |
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| "Father of Capitalism", "ANTI-mercantilist" |
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| person/company/country that makes/grows/supplies, goods/commodities for sale |
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| purchases goods and services for personal use |
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| operates by volunteer exchange in free market, not planned/controlled by central authority; capitalist |
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| price not greater or less than sufficient to pay for land rent, labor wages and profits according to natural rates |
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| price of commodity when sold in given market |
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| quantity demanded at natural price, enough money to buy product |
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| Those who want particular goods |
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| compete as best you can, but don't take it too far |
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| price for a good will move towards level where supply and demand are equal |
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| coins minted with fixed value; increased trade and banking in 1400s, had more silver/gold to work with; no more cutting edges/grooved edges, paper money more common-could hold value |
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| independent merchants join together and form companies, sold stock (shares) of company to investors, investors divided profit in proportion to number of stocks owned, financed by explorations |
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| Economic theory that world contains fixed amount of wealth, to increase one country's share it must be taken from other countries-Competition! |
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| to increase your country's wealth, had to sell more than buy, strove for positive balance of trade |
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| government funded industry |
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| get own resources without paying others |
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| seen as best way to achieve good balance of power under system of mercantilism, require colonies get raw materials free/cheap, without paying rival countries |
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| emerged as responsibility to new colonies to demand for labor-wiped out lot of native population with disease, work on plantation was labor intensive |
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| Triangular Trade-Europe to Africa |
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| cotton clothes, weapons, liquor, beads |
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| Triangular Trade-Africa to Americas |
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| Triangular Trade-Americas to Europe |
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| raw materials (cotton, sugar, etc) |
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| brutal, dehumanizing, little food/water, 1500s-2000s/yr., 1780s-8000/yr., 11-14 million survived, Europe population up, Africa population didn't increase from 1650-1800 |
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| Aristotle Method of Proving Earth is Round |
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Definition
| shadow of earth as it crossed moon during eclipse was circular, stars' heights larger further north |
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| Aristotle-"armchair explorer" |
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Definition
| only used logic to prove theories, when he said he could demonstrate the libvability around the earth by comparing the conditions north and south of the equator |
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| World View of Medieval Europe |
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| religious and theological, transformation caused by scientific revolution-humans worthier than first thought |
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| Aristotle Views Still accepted in Medieval Europe because... |
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| made humans center of universe, gave throne to god, created link called 'great chain of being' |
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| Aristotle Views of the Universe |
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| earth motionless and at center of universe, ten crystal spheres circled around it, first eight were moon, stars, sun, five known planets, tenth and ninth where god and saved souls were |
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| improve upon ideas of Ptolemy and Aristotle, believed sun was center of universe, stars seemed to move because earth was rotating around sun, universe really huge, no throne for god |
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| detailed observations of star in 1572, built most sophisticated observatory of his day, massive amount of data over twenty years, not good math skills, couldn't really understand own data |
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| Brahe's assistant, able to put data together because he had a better understanding of math |
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| Three Laws of Planetary Motion |
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| designed by Kepler, planets moved around sun in oval shapes, planets didn't always move at same speed, amount of time it takes for a planet to completely finish its orbit is directly related to how far away it is from the sun |
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| elborating and consolidating modern experimental method-easier to understand, proved when things thrown/dropped with same force, speed of acceleration was also same, created law of inertia, tried for heresy, imprisoned and threatened by torture, improved telescope, discovered four moons of jupiter |
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| Objects in motion like to stay in motion, objects at rest like to stay at rest, unless acted upon by an outside force |
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| combined theories of other scientists to create simple explanation of motion on earth and in sky, created set of mathematical laws to help explain mechanics and motion, force=mass times acceleration, three laws of gravity, cause and effect |
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| never bothered to test hypothesis about habitability of world around equator because it was supposedly very hot and unbearable, same for 'frigid zone' farther from equator |
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| originally wanted to glorify god, instead proved no concrete place for god to be in universe, earth wasn't center, protestants stronger in attack beacause Catholics hadn't put as much weight on Bible yet |
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| Scientific Method vs. Aristotelian Observation |
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Definition
| sci method offers more chances to get actual facts |
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| sculptor, used wood, marble, bronze, first to do free-standing statues, bronze David most famous-first free-standing nude statue, not a lot known about personality, three stages of work, went from goth to more humanism, realist |
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| not doing well, diaspora, scapegoats, no home, many problems, success downfall, blamed for plague |
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| would have been main religion if not for Battle of Tours, Moors, influenced architecture, most in middle east, merchants |
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| led by Pope, the church in Europe, west in rome, east in Constantinople |
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| Fancy Lifestyle of Clergy/Pope |
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| not right, supposed to be spiritual guides |
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| Turned to church, blamed god/church |
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| French King upset with Pope's extravagant and corrupted lifestyle, challenged them, Avignon held captive |
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| Great Schism (Great Divide) |
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| 1417, two divisions of power, popes excommunicated each other, didn't help church, look elsewhere for salvation, people voice more opinions, most northern humanists attacked church |
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| attacked wealth/power of Pope |
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| spread same ideas as John Wycliffe, burned at stake, excommunicated |
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| piece of paper, people work for church, pardon self of sins by buying them, selling to bunch of people, Pope sold this |
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| Northern Humanists accused church of losing sight of original mission-inner spirituality, too many complications |
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| wants to rebuild St. Peters, needs money |
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| Pope's best seller of indulgences, pope sent him to northern germany to sell in town square |
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| wanted to be lawyer, freak lightning storm-hid in church, became monk, bough indulgences, didn't fell any different, realized something was wrong with church, well educated, felt damned all the time, married |
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| 1517, complaints nailed on church about why indulgences were wrong/unneccessary |
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| 1520, printing press helped spread news |
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| 1521, meeting called to shut Luther up, he hid in a castle til things quieted down, translated Bible into German, lots of people agreed |
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| 1555, each individual german province chose between catholicsm or something else |
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| branched off, new religions made-most died out |
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| Henry VIII and the Anglican Church |
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| wants a son, wife won't so he wants a divorce, Pope says no, so he starts new church-Anglican Church, became safe haven for prosecuted people |
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| influenced by Luther, developed Calvinism based in Geneva, banned from city |
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| people pre-picked by god for duties, obligations, no dancing, card playing, cult status, french calvins-Hugirats(?) |
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| part of Calvinist Church, went to England, colonies in America |
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| supposed to get Catholic Church back on track, expected to be gone soon |
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| conquerer of peru, killed lot of Incans, Spanish influence |
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| brought Italian Renaissance to Germany, painted self like Jesus |
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| patron of arts, collected taxes, takes credit for many artists' fame |
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| painted Mona Lisa, Last Supper, many talents |
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| didn't want to be merchant, excelled in art, sculptor, didn't bathe |
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| invaded Mexico, Aztec Empire, Spain, with disease |
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| self portrait, perfect oil painting, date pics, symbolism |
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| art, historical paintings, light, shadow |
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| printing press, spread ideas, discovered church's faults |
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| exiled, wrote many poems, illusions |
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| father modern philosopher, math system for graphing |
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| new style of drama, introduction of more "English" words |
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| started humanism, perfected sonnet, traveled a lot |
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| exploration to Spain, get to Americas |
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| entered clerk service, exiled, wrote The Prince |
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| navigator, captured sucrus (?), spread christianity |
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| architect, father Renaissance architecture, linear perspective |
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| "little barrel of rum", Birth of Venus, feminine beauty |
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| wrote Utopia-perfect world, guidelines of society |
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| sculptor, painter, "Apollo and Dauphne", brought life and detail to art |
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| writer of 14th and 15th century, wrote Kindaberry Tales |
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| painter, from Rome, did a painting for Julias II |
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| satire on church book, loyal catholic |
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| failed playwright, wrote Don Quixote |
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| Changes Instituted by Council of Trent |
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| made priests go to exams, produced books, dogma on marriages, teach obediants, question bible-put in jail |
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| Church Needs Accurate Calendar |
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| didn't know dates, had to set holidays on right days/times |
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| excellent work in anatomy, many books, intricate details, found many flaws in Galen's work |
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| Scientific Revolution Outcomes |
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| Experimental Method, Mathematization of Nature-quantitative instead of qualitative, practical use of scientific knowledge-patrons, development of scientific institutions |
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| question/purpose, hypothesis, materials, procedure, data, analysis, conclusion |
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