Term
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Definition
| began in 1500s- time when science and math were used to explain how the universe worked with no more belief in magic or alchemy |
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Term
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Definition
| (ASTRONOMY) theory created by Ptolemy that said that the planets revolved around the Earth |
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Definition
| (ASTRONOMY) theory created by Copernicus that said that the planets revolved around the Sun |
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Term
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Definition
| (ASTRONOMY) created laws of Planetary Motion |
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Term
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Definition
| (ASTRONOMY) with his telescope, he saw that the moon was not perfect and had valleys and mountains- saw the planets with the telescope |
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Term
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Definition
| (PHYSICS) created Law of Universal Gravitation and Laws of Motion- created calculus with Liebnitz; one of the first to be believed about what he was talking about |
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Term
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Definition
| (ANATOMY) published ‘On the Fabric of the Human Body’ to find how muscles and tissue worked |
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Term
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Definition
| (ANATOMY) figured out the circulatory system and discovered the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| made advances in science, math, and philosophy- he said no assumptions could be made without a question (“I think therefore I am”) |
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Term
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Definition
| believed assumptions had to be made from observations |
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Term
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Definition
| father of Scientific Rev.; Dr. Mirabilis |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered bacteria with microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| invented chemistry and that pressure & temperature affects gas |
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Term
| Joseph Priestly/Antoine Lavoisier |
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Definition
| discovered and named the element oxygen and Lavoisier later discovered that fire is not an element and the law of conservation of mass |
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Term
| What were the foundations of European Expansion? |
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Definition
| Improvements; mercantilism; economic changes |
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Term
| What were improvements made for Euro.Expan? |
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Definition
| in mapmaking; invention of compass; bigger ships (rudder: moved to back of boat to help steering; more sails with different sizes) |
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Term
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Definition
| government should do all it can to increase its wealth- the world had a fixed amount and the only way to gain wealth was to take it from another country |
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Term
| How can a country gain a favorable balance of trade? |
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Definition
| Tariffs; more exports and subsidies (grants of money); overseas sources (colonies) |
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Term
| What sparked the desire to go overseas during the Euro.Expan? |
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Definition
| Curiosity; population exploded; desire for wealth; escape from religious/political persecution; three G’s (Gold, God, Glory) |
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Term
| Economic changes during the Euro.Expan? |
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Definition
| Joint-stock company; Commercial Rev. |
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Term
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Definition
| owners would sell stocks and buyers would get part of the profit |
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Term
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Definition
| 1400s-1700s- change in EUR’s economy to Mercantilism |
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Term
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Definition
| (POR) known as Henry the Navigator, he was the first to start exploring and claimed the Azore Islands for POR and African coastland |
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Term
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Definition
| (POR) sailed around Cape of Good Hope |
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Term
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Definition
| (POR) used Dias’s route around Cape of Good Hope and arrived at Goa, IND |
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Term
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Definition
| (ITA but sailed for ESP) believed there was a route to IND by going west since the earth was round- landed in America and discovered the ‘New World’ |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of goods, products, and diseases across Atlantic- introduced new foods to EUR but brought diseases and horses to America, ending various civilizations |
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Term
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Definition
| world was divided by Pope Alexander VI since POR & ESP were both Catholic- the line was moved farther west so that Portugal could claim BRA (Pedro Cabral) |
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Term
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Definition
| (ITA) sailed to America and discovered it was a whole ‘New World’- America was named after him |
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Term
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Definition
| (ESP) crossed overland on Isthmus of Panama and discovered South Sea (Pacific Ocean) |
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Term
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Definition
| (ESP) made first round-the-world journey and renamed South Sea the Pacific Ocean |
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Term
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Definition
triangular trade between EUR to Africa to America back to EUR:
*1st Stage: between EUR & Africa- cotton goods, weapons, & gold
*‘Middle Passage’: second stage- slaves to America in terrible conditions
*3rd Stage: raw materials from America to EUR |
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Term
| Why did the Portuguese (POR) empire fall? |
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Definition
| didn’t have financial wealth or population to support large empire- ESP later annexed POR |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (ESP) Invaded the Aztecs and conquered MEX |
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Term
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Definition
| (ESP) invaded the Incas and conquered PER |
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Term
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Definition
| (ESP) ESP had control over ESP & HRE- HRE was too far to rule so Charles V split up the kingdom: ESP went to Phillip II and HRE went to Ferdinand I (first Austrian Habsburg) |
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Term
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Definition
| (ESP) lead Counter-Reformation, made the Inquisition, attempted to conquer ENG with Spanish Armada |
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Term
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Definition
| (NED) led revolts against Phillip II and made NED independent from ESP |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRA) became Catholic (previously Huguenot) to become ruler of FRA, passed Edict of Nantes (religious freedom) |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRA) advisor to Louis XIII- strengthened the monarchy, started wars against Huguenots (could practice but no fortified cities), made the intendants (representatives of king across FRA) |
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Term
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Definition
| rebellion by FRA, SWE, DEN to weaken HRE (Habsburgs)- Richelieu did not enter war until very end so FRA remained a continental power at end of war |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRA) strengthened FRA monarchy, extended borders (to Rhine River), undid Edict of Nantes, believed in divine rights of king, built palace of Versailles, “Sun King” (power went far like rays of the Sun) |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRA) Louis XIV’s financial advisor- took off exemptions in tax system, granted gov’t subsidies to businesses |
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Term
| War of the Spanish Succession |
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Definition
| Louis XIV wanted his grandson (Phillip V) to be king of ESP since the last king died- countries didn’t like FRA & ESP under Bourbon rule so war was fought: FRA lost yet Phillip V became king but FRA & ESP could never ally |
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Term
| What was Louis XIV's legacy? |
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Definition
| lost N. American colonies (by Cartier & de Champlain) to Quebec & USA- FRA still had Louisiana & W. Indies colonies |
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Term
| How was Russia (RUS) isolated? |
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Definition
| RUS was isolated geographically and culturally (language, religion, Mongol control, landlocked, no trade except for Byz.) |
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Term
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Definition
| (RUS) first Czar to offer stability (believed in complete Absolutism) & created Romanov Dynasty |
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Term
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Definition
| (RUS) ended RUS’s landlocked situation (gained land on Gulf of FIN- St. Petersburg), wanted to westernize RUS (built St. Petersburg (‘window to the west’), made men shave off beards, women were more social, western clothing & customs), “service nobility”- serfs were bound to noble, and nobles were bound to czar (absolute power) |
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Term
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Definition
| (RUS) expansion westward (to the Black Sea) & expansion eastward (to Alaska), caused 1st, 2nd, 3rd Partition of POL between AUT, PRU, & RUS |
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Term
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Definition
| (AUT) Charles VI had only a daughter but women could not rule in Habsburg family- made all rulers sign Pragmatic Sanction to recognize the rule of Maria Theresa |
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Term
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Definition
| (AUT) ruled after effect of Pragmatic Sanction- had many conflicts since empire was very diverse in culture & language - mother to Marie Antoinette |
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Term
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Definition
| (PRU) (HOHEN) ‘Great Elector’, ruled at end of 30 Years’ War and strengthened PRU |
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Term
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Definition
| (PRU) (HOHEN) hated the French, strengthened the army (discipline & strict punishment- became continental power), made elementary education mandatory, improved taxation system |
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Term
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Definition
| (PRU) (HOHEN) F. Will I was harsh on him since Fred II played flute, read poetry and philosophy, and "fucked a man" - friend was killed |
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Term
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Definition
| “reversal of alliances” between FRA & GBR- spurred the 7 Years’ War |
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Term
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Definition
| continental war fought by PRU/GBR vs. FRA/AUT/RUS- PRU conquered Silesia which started war. As Peter III took control of RUS & was a friend of Fred II, RUS left the war & GBR left the war with King George III- no clear winner but PRU gained Silesia and FRA lands in N. America went to GBR (French and Indian War) |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) successor to Henry VIII after Edward VI was sick and died- she married Phillip II (ESP), determined to make ENG Catholic, became known as “Bloody Mary” for punishments on non-Catholic Christians |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) successor to Mary I- used Parliament & monarchy to strengthen Protestantism in ENG, beheaded Mary Queen of Scots after Mary plotted against her, defeated ESP Armada with small ships, created House of Lords/House of Commons (gentry- landowners with no title & burgesses- merchants/professional people from town), took advice from Parliament, put down Puritan Revolution (to make Anglican Church completely Anglican with no Catholic practices) |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) son of Mary Queen of SCO since Elizabeth had no heir, strong support of Ang. Church which put him in conflict with Puritans, used different methods to collect taxes which Parliament objected to |
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Term
| What were the causes for the English Civil War & Revolution? |
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Definition
| Charles I's shitty reign, ignorance of the Petition of Rights, Presbyterianism, the Long Parliament, and the Irish Rebellion |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) believed in divine rights of kings, married FRA Catholic (made him more unpopular) |
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Term
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Definition
1. King could not tax people without consent of Parliament
2. Could not declare martial law
3. Cannot board soldiers in private homes during peacetime
4. Cannot imprison someone without specific charge
Charles I refused to call Parliament into session after this & other problems |
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Term
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Definition
| rebellion in SCO that Charles I could not get enough money for (from Parliament), further making Charles I unpopular |
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Term
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Definition
| this was the parliament that had not met for 20 years because of dismissal from Charles I- called it back for SCO Presbyterian Rebellion |
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Term
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Definition
| rebellion in IRL that IRL people said that GBR had treated them too harshly- Charles I could not gather enough money for fighting rebellion- Civil War started since neither side compromised |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) (CIV WAR) supporters of King Charles I (incl. Anglicans, R. Catholics, & nobles) |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) (CIV WAR) supporters of Parliament (incl. Puritans, non-Ang. protestants) |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) (CIV WAR) made New Model Army to defeat Charles I as a Roundhead leader, created Rump Parliament, declared ENG a commonwealth (republic), beheaded Charles I |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) (CIV WAR) very unpopular since reforms were far too Puritan & would have been overthrown if it wasn’t for (1- enough money from taxes to support army, 2- army was disciplined & powerful, 3- enemies had no organized army) |
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Term
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Definition
| declared that all goods shipped to ENG must be carried by ENG ships, lowering NED’s control of trade |
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Term
| What caused the return of monarchy in England? |
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Definition
| Cromwell died & his son took over, yet he was just as unpopular so Charles II was asked to come back |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) period of time when Charles II brought back monarchy, entertainment, and arts (“Merry Monarch”)- at the end, James II (R. Catholic) would have to succeed him but Parliament did not want Catholic rulers |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) those who believed James II should succeed Charles II (R. Catholics) |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) those who opposed James II as king & wanted Parliament to rule |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) James II came to throne, but Parliament asked son to step down to bring in Mary II with her husband William of Orange (William III) without violence |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) (ENLIG) believed that people were corrupt and without laws there would be anarchy so an absolute government was needed to control the people |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) (ENLIG) believed laws corrupted people and that individual rights were superior to law and government, and a ruler could be overthrown if needed |
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Term
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Definition
| protected individuals against unfair arrest/imprisonment |
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Term
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Definition
| granted Parliament more rights in choosing rulers, etc... |
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Term
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Definition
| granted religious freedom to Dissenters & non-Ang. Protestants |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) kept Catholics from ENG throne, keeping line Protestant |
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Term
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Definition
| William III’s ‘advisors’ and gave Parliament (Cabinet) more power |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) united ENG & SCO into GBR |
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Term
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Definition
| they were first of Hanoverian dynasty since none of Anne’s 17 children outlived her, did not speak fluent ENG, had prime ministers as advisors |
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Term
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Definition
| advisor to king (Sir Walpole- first- advisor to George II) |
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Term
| Limited Constitutional Monarchy |
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Definition
| monarchy remained as GBR’s head of state, but most power remained in hands of Parliament & Prime Minister |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) (COLEXP) found coasts of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, & New England |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) (COLEXP) ‘pirates’ under command of Elizabeth I to loot ESP/POR ships- slowed down ESP’s development in America |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) (COLEXP) first sea dog to make round-the-world journey |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENG) (COLEXP) went for Northwest Passage but instead discovered Hudson River & Hudson Bay |
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Term
| East India Trading Company |
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Definition
| company that worked to expand GBR trade, yet it was an unofficial branch of the government and expanded GBR territory |
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Term
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Definition
| (ENLIG) enlightenment thinkers (philosophe) believed science & reason could explain human nature |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRA) published ‘The Encyclopedia’ & included critical/technical articles |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRA) said best government had checks & balances (3 branches of government) |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRA) champion of freedom of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRA) said that people are naturally good but outside sources corrupted them |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRA) said that people are naturally good but outside sources corrupted them |
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Term
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Definition
| absolute monarchy that would rule under principles of Enlightenment |
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Term
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Definition
| ideas of equality for women as well as men |
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Term
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Definition
| (AMEREV) Parliament passed act that papers should have stamps on them (tax) |
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Term
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Definition
| (AMEREV) acts that were considered intolerable by the colonists |
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Term
| Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
| (AMEREV) July 4, 1776- USA gained independence from GBR |
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Term
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Definition
| (AMEREV) war between FRA/USA against GBR to solidify USA’s independence |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| (AMEREV) failed government proposed after American Revolution since it gave powers to state and had weak central government |
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Term
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Definition
| (AMEREV) created a federal system of government (executive, legislative, & judicial) |
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Term
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Definition
| passed to protect people’s rights |
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Term
| What was the main effect of the American Revolution? |
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Definition
| it influenced other revolutions such as the French Revolution |
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Term
| What are some reasons for the French Revolution? |
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Definition
| famine, unstable monarchy, unfair taxing (1st & 2nd estate were exempt), bourgeoisie (better than nobles) still had more taxes than nobles, Enlightenment ideas spread in FRA, American Revolution affected FRA, financial crisis |
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Term
| What were the three estates? Describe each. |
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Definition
*First Estate: clergy
*Second Estate: nobility
*Third Estate: the bourgeoisie (high middle class that sometimes was wealthier than nobles), and the rest (peasants, merchants, artisans, etc...) |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) excessive spending |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) had debts from joining fights in American Revolution, married Marie Antoinette (AUT that pissed off people) |
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Term
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Definition
| meeting of three estates (each one would have a vote and 1st & 2nd Estate usually outvoted Third (FRAREV) Estate that had just as many representatives as the other two combined) |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) formed by Third Estate & invited in other two to write a Constitution to protect people’s rights |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) the army of the people that was lead by the new French flag (red, blue, & white), stormed the Bastille prison |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) peasants thought nobles wanted to crush them and so they revolted against them because of fear |
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Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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Definition
| (FRAREV) dealt with basic political & human rights (“Liberty, equality, & fraternity”) |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) D.O.T.R.O.M. did not apply to women & Olympe de Gouges created the Declaration of the Rights of Women & Citizeness but it was rejected |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) nobles from Old Regime that fled out of FRA & plotted to overthrow National Assembly |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) National Assembly divided the country into 83 equal departments |
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Term
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
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Definition
| (FRAREV) created by National Assembly to reform Catholic Church- gave Church land to the government & clergy would be elected by people in parishes/dioceses, Pope forbade clergy to obey this so R. Catholics were against Rev. |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) constitution passed by National Assembly that created the Legislative Assembly & divided government into three branches- it limited monarchial power |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) divided into three groups: radicals- wanted more drastic changes, conservatives- felt Rev. had gone far enough, moderates- sided with either |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREV) PRU/AUT wanted to restore FRA monarchy & so they invaded FRA yet army from Marseille saved Paris |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREP) new government after National Assembly divided in three groups: Girondins- feared domination of Paris, Jacobins- wanted domination of Paris, and Neutrals- no real views |
|
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Term
| Universal manhood suffrage |
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Definition
| (FRAREP) every adult male could vote, whether he owned property or not |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREP) Louis XVI was charged and beheaded by N.C. |
|
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Term
| Committee of Public Safety (COPS) |
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Definition
| (FRAREP) created by N.C. to stop threat of foreign invaders & adopted conscription (draft) to recruit men |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREP) led by the Jacobins (led by Robespierre) and Danton thought R.O.T. had already done enough reforms yet Robespierre wanted more- Danton was killed and after more suppression, Robespierre was killed and then the middle class had power |
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Term
|
Definition
| (FRAREP) democratic republic in which people would act according to good citizenship |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRAREP) government following the N.C. that had 5 directors which caused fighting amongst themselves, which led to a chance for military leaders |
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Term
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Definition
| (FRA) (FRAREP) Napoleon was one of the strongest military leaders, yet Directory tried to keep him away from FRA (sent him to EGY and failed)- had a coup d’etat and Napoleon took over government |
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Term
|
Definition
| (FRANAP) Napoleon’s government which was ruled by 3 consuls (Napoleon was one) |
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Term
|
Definition
| yes/no vote- no changes; universal |
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Term
|
Definition
| (FRANAP) code in which Napoleon grouped all of FRA’s laws |
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Term
|
Definition
| (FRANAP) gave R. Catholics religious freedom |
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Term
|
Definition
| (FRANAP) after Napoleon became emperor, they had a war with GBR & GBR (Horatio Nelson) defeated FRA & ESP- Napoleon ordered a blockade to allies of FRA & FRA against GBR. GBR responded with a blockade against FRA. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (FRANAP) under Napoleon, the HRE was abolished and formed Kingdom of ITA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (FRANAP) love for one’s country rather than the region (rose during Napoleon) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (FRANAP) FRA took over the monarchy of ESP but failed to take over monarchy of POR since GBR helped (Duke of Wellington) |
|
|
Term
| What occurred between the Grand Army and Russia? |
|
Definition
| (FRANAP) Napoleon wanted to conquer RUS so he created a Grand Army. RUS used a scorched-earth-policy to ruin the land that the FRA were coming over- RUS burned down Moscow when FRA was there & since it was winter, FRA could not stay long- military disaster |
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Term
| How was Napoleon defeated? |
|
Definition
| other nations took advantage of Napoleon’s losses in RUS and defeated him at Leipzig and the monarchy was restored (Louis XVIII) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (FRANAP) return of Napoleon to FRA after Louis XVIII was unpopular- other countries could not let this happen- defeated Napoleon at Waterloo for very last time |
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Term
| What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna? |
|
Definition
| return of Napoleon to FRA after Louis XVIII was unpopular- other countries could not let this happen- defeated Napoleon at Waterloo for very last time |
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|
Term
| What were the territorial changes brought on by the Congress of Vienna? |
|
Definition
| FRA went back 1790 borders & surrounded by strong powers |
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Term
|
Definition
| people who wanted things to return to the way they were before |
|
|
Term
| Quadruple/Quintuple Alliance |
|
Definition
| formed by AUT, PRU, GBR, & RUS and later invited FRA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| proposed by RUS for Quintuple Alliance to rule as good Christians |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| form of international governance by concert (agreement)- to maintain balance of power created by C.O.V. |
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Term
|
Definition
| AUT prince who believed in absolutism and suppression of liberalists(believed in individual rights and rule of law- from USA & FRA Rev.) |
|
|
Term
| What were the reactions to Metternich? |
|
Definition
| C.O.E. joined Metternich in suppression and so GBR left |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| GRE wanted to gain independence from Ottomans but under Metternich, EUR powers did not help- in the end they helped & GRE became independent |
|
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Term
| What were the origins of the Industrial Revolution? |
|
Definition
| Agricultural Rev., factors of production, textile inventions, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
| revolution created by farmers as of the Enclosure Movement (movement that families enclosed their plots)- new methods such as crop rotation (Charles Townshend) appeared and invention of the replaceable plow (Jethro Wood) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| machinery used to create products- mechanized loom was created & John Kay had the flying shuttle |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| invented spinning mill powered by water power |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made the water-powered loom |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| created by James Watt & later improved by Matthew Boulton, it powered machines with more power than water |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Henry Bessemer created a process to forge steel which was stronger for steam engines than iron |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| as a by-product of burning coal, gas light was produced |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Goodyear made rubber less sticky |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| George Stephenson made first steam locomotive & Robert Fulton made first steam engine. enabling easy transport |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| created Morse code (Communications Revolution) to be transmitted through telegraph for easy communication |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| each worker did a small amount of the big job, easing production |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| each worker did a small amount of the big job, easing production |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| depended on factors such as cheap products, workers available, expectations, gender, and hours |
|
|
Term
| What were some rules in factories? |
|
Definition
| there were harsh punishments for breaking rules such as being late, including children involved in child labor |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| shabby apartments near factories made for workers (very cramped) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| in Ind. Rev., middle class thrived |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| economic system in which individuals/corporations control factors of production |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| merchants who bought & sold goods (before Ind. Rev.) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| involved in production/manufacturing of goods (Ind. Rev.) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| owners divided manufacturing into steps |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| identical parts eased production and sped it up |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| used an assembly line to produce large numbers of identical items |
|
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Term
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Definition
| companies where people bought stocks, created competition and therefore higher quality of products |
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Term
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Definition
| one corporation having complete control of a single product/service/good |
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Term
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Definition
| corporations joining together to take control of the entire industry of the product |
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Term
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Definition
| prosperity and decline (depression) in economies |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed Laws of Economics (supply & demand, and competition) and the idea of free enterprise (people should be free to engage in whatever business they choose) |
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Term
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Definition
| said that population increases presented the greatest obstacles |
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Term
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Definition
| working class poverty is inevitable |
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Definition
| “let it be”- for government not to meddle with economy |
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Definition
| those who worked to improve conditions of others (ie. Charles Dickens) |
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Term
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Definition
| says that a law is good if it lead to the greatest happiness in the greatest amount of people (by Jeremy Bentham) |
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Term
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Definition
| a government should work for the good of all of its people |
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Term
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Definition
| strengthened the Factory Act of 1802- shortened hours & improved conditions for working children |
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Term
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Definition
| large group of workers stopping work to demand rights |
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Term
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Definition
| associations of workers that would pay workers on strike |
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Term
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Definition
| process of negotiation between unions & managers |
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Term
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Definition
| for government to control means of production (capital/equipment used to produce goods) to create equality |
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Term
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Definition
| said people could live peacefully in small cooperative settlements where everyone works for the common good |
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Term
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Definition
| most influential of all utopian socialists |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed theory with Friedrich Engels that the proletariat (working class) would amass just like the capitalists and soon a socialist revolution would ensue |
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Term
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Definition
| a truly classless society proposed by Marx |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that violent revolution was required to get rid of capitalism |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that socialism could develop gradually through education & democracy |
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Term
| First/second international |
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Definition
| worker organizations by Marx to fight capitalism |
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