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| brutal era in W Europe that began w/ the fall of the Roman Empire. Life was a struggle for survival |
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| also known as “The Hammer”. He extended the power of the Franks to the north, south, and east. He also defeated a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours. He passed his power to Pepin the Short when he died. |
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| King who extended Frankish power. In war he commanded the armies and fought in the front line. He would offer his defeated enemies to either become a Christian or die by the sword. He regularly visited every part of his kingdom to judge cases, settle disputes, reward faithful followers, and keep the less loyal in line. He revived learning and became emperor. |
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| The place that you go when you die that is between heaven and hell. Your sins are being purged for heaven. |
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| Pope who greatly increased the power of the popes. He called himself “the servant of the servants of God”. He persuaded the Lombards to sign a peace treaty. He also used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and relieve the poor. His idea of Christendom (spiritual kingdom fanning out from Rome to the most distant churches and ruled by a pope) became a central part of the Middle Ages. |
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| The bread and the wine that is believed to literally be the flesh and blood of Jesus. |
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| a political and military system based on the holding of land. |
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| the rulings of England’s royal judges formed a unified body of law, which was common to the whole kingdom. |
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| a person whose ideas are incorrect, in the opinion of the church. |
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| was made archbishop of Canterbury by Edward I. He takes his job very seriously, and this created conflicts with him and Edward. |
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| a very powerful king who expanded the power of England. He made Thomas a Becket the archbishop. |
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| Eric the Red’s son. He discovered Vinland. He also reached the Americas before Columbus. |
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| a red-bearded outlaw. He discovered Greenland. |
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| the code that demanded that a knight fight bravely in the defense of three masters: his earthly feudal lord, his heavenly lord, and his chosen lady. |
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| poets who sang the praises of noble ladies and the knights who loved them. |
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| An order that no church ceremonies could be performed in offending ruler’s lands, there could be no marriages, no baptisms, no religious services, or ay sort. This was done to a disobedient, excommunicated king or duke. |
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| the style of architecture that resembled the architecture of Rome. |
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| One of most famous and successful missionaries. His greatest goal was to convert the Irish to Christianity. |
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| a monk who set the pattern for monastic living. He created Benedict’s Rules, a strict set of rules for monks and nuns. |
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| When Louis the Pious (Charlemagne’s son) died, he left his three sons Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German to rule the empire. They all signed the Treaty of Verdun that divided Charlemagne’s empire into three kingdoms. |
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| the selfish, cruel, English king who created of the Magna Carta. King Philip Augustus weakened the power of England through his triumphs in battle during John’s reign. |
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the document King John and his barons created, guaranteeing basic legal rights.
1. No taxation without representation
2. Right to jury trial
3. Due process of law
4. Limited monarchy
5. Parliament |
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| scholar who believed that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. He wrote the Summa Theologiae, containing 21 volumes attempting to answer 631 philosophical questions about God and the universe. |
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| Jesus made peter the head of the church, giving him the keys of heaven. |
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| receiving of the Holy Spirit and becoming adult members of the Catholic Church |
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1. Baptism
2. Confirmation
3. Holy Eucharist (Mass)
4. Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction; Last Rites)
5. Reconciliation (Confession)
6. Marriage
7. Holy Orders (becoming a monk or nun) |
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| the terrible plague that killed approx. 25 million people. The disease was brought by Genoese ships and quickly spread throughout Italy. The symptoms consisted of a raging fever and black swellings growing on the neck and joints. |
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| the right to have the law work in known orderly ways. |
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| Duke of Normandy who was King Edward’s second cousin and the heir to the English thrown. His rival was Harold Godwinson, who named king by a council of English lords. |
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| vicious raiders from Scandinavia. They were excellent seafarers. |
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| the style of architecture that consisted of pointed ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and pointed arches. |
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| Eleanor of Aquitaine’s son who fought valiantly to regain the Holy land during the third crusade. |
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| not free, but also not quite slaves. They were laborers who could not be bought, sold, or traded to another lord. They could not leave the manor on which they were born. |
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| land that was not planted on |
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| the organization of land into three fields rather than two. 1/3 would be used for a winter crop, 1/3 would be planted with spring crops, and the last third lay fallow. |
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| people who made their homes in walled towns. |
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| an association of people who worked at the same occupation. |
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| lived in their master’s home and worked in the shop to learn a trade. |
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| the final step after becoming an apprentice. The journeyman must create an item that qualifies as a masterpiece. |
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| The most celebrated woman of the age. She was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe. She was married to Harold II and Richard the Lionheart was her son. |
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| belief that Mary is god herself |
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| an ancient religious object. |
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a book of rules for monastic life written by Benedictine.
• A monk must remain in the same monastery for life
• Daily life follows a strict schedule (Prayer and worship 8 times a day)
• 7 hours a day of manual labor
• 2 hours a day for reading the bible and other Christian books
• Eating 1 or 2 meals daily. A little wine is allowed, but no red meat. |
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| the buying and selling of church offices |
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| The person who receives the land from the lord. |
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| a symbolic act through which the lord presented the vassal with a stick, small rod, or clod of earth. The lord thus transferred into the vassal’s hands control of a piece of land. |
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| a piece of land that the vassal controlled. |
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| the higher ranked landowner who gave portions of his land to his vassal. The vassal and the lord had a personal bond of loyalty. |
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| The battle between Harold and William the Conqueror, ending in William’s victory. |
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| the leader of the Scots who probably had a young wife that was murdered by the English. |
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| Muslim conqueror during the crusades. |
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| The basic economic unit. A small estate from which a lord’s family gained its livelihood. |
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| the period of time when learning and civilization declined in the middle ages. |
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| a government headed by a king or queen whose powers are limited by laws. |
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| – a legislative body consisting of two houses (Lords and Commons) similar to that established in the eleventh century in England. |
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| a legend of the man who steals from the rich and gives to the poor. |
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| braces of beautifully carved stone to support the outward stone roofs |
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| the son of a rich merchant who gave up his wealth to preach. He treated all creatures as if they were his spiritual brothers and sisters. He is now known as a saint and as the patron saint of animals, the environment, and one of the two patrons of Italy. |
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| claimed to be the leader of all Christendom. He hoped to reunite the Byzantine and Roman Christians. |
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| known as the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. |
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