·         Were believed to be Gods

·         Had total control and were all powerful

·         Had power to heal and change seasons

·         Blamed when things went wrong

·         Hominids that appeared 4 to 1 million years ago

·         Walked upright on 2 legs; had well developed hands

located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

"Land Between the Rivers"

Wheat and Barley and Cotton Cultivated

·         Chronological record of significant events including explanation for their causes

Used to be grassy steppe land with water

   In 5000 it became much hotter and dries

People moved to the Nile coast

·         Bronze metallurgy monopolized by ruling elite

·         Indo-Europeans migrated to China

·         Agriculture surpluses supported large troops

·         Vast network or walled towns

paleolithic

·         Served as principal institution for socialization of children and preserve culture and tradition

·         Society breaks up in 3000 and people gradually migrate

Hittites in Anatolia

·         Professional officers, chariots, archives, and iron weapons

·         Ancient people who had Gods and goddesses

sumeria

Firsts of Mesopotamia

   Bronze metallurgy

   Iron metallurgy

         The wheel

Shipbuilding

·         Brain with a large frontal regions for conscious and reflective thought

·         Spread through Eurasia; beginning more than 100, 00 years ago

·         Ice Age land bridges enabled to populate to other countries

        Humans

Events

  Time

     Past

Present

·         Hereditary aristocrats with a lot of land and bronze

·         Administrative and military offices

·         The time before humans and written records

·         From 1900 onward

·         Ecological degradation

·         Natural catastrophe such as earthquake

·         Major city

 Belief in presence and continuing influence

·         Burring material goods with the dead

venerations of ancestors

·         Offering sacrifices at burials

·         Were attracted to Sumer because of all the wealth

·         Strong interests in both political and commercial

·         Feared of invasion

·         Desired gold and ivory

Nubia

·         No one studied Nubia

·         Loses power in 220

mesopotamia

created hammurabi's code of law

·         Distinctive stepped pyramids that housed temples and altars to the principal local deity

·         After the time of Moses, Israelites religious beliefs developed along increasingly distinctive lines

·         Used graphic symbols to represent sounds, syllables, and ideas as well as physical objects

·         Combination of pictographs and other symbols

·         World’s longest river

·         Fed by rain and snow of the high mountains in east Africa

·         SourceàLake Victoria

·         OutletàMediterranean Sea

·         Runs south to north

·         Egyptians believed that death was a transition to a new dimension of existence

·         Yearning for immortality help explains reasoning of mummification

·         During the Old Kingdom only mummified the ruling elites because it was thought that they would only survive the grave

·         Later other wealthy or royal officials started to become mummified

"Yellow River"

Huang He

·         Very unpredictable

·         Empties into the yellow sea

Periodically floods devastating anything in its path

·         “New stone age” (10,000-4,000 B.C.E)

·         It was marked  by the discovery and mastery of agriculture

·         The term refers to the early stages of agricultural society

·         It became unified by Menes

·         Memphis served as the capital for Menes and it soon became the cultural as well as the political center of all of Egypt.

·         Egypt along with Nubia controlled trade along the Nile.

·         the yellow river

·         Known as China’s sorrow

·         This river was in central China

·         Chinese society’s authority came from elderly males who were in charge of households

·         But they honor their female members of their families

Women played prominent roles in public life

·         jobs done by people including agriculture, making metal and jewelry and making clothing and goods

·         Middle Kingdom=1600-1100 BCE

·         weakest time and invasion

·         invaded by Hyksos

·         pharaohs weak, no one listen

·         Egyptian myth about Osiris who was murdered by his evil brother Seth and scattered his body parts; Osiris’s wife picked them all up to give him a proper burial—impressed by such devotion the gods restored O. back to life as god of the underworld

·         He was associated with the Nile and their crops

·         He was honored through a religious cult which demanded observance of high moral standards

·         Had the power to decide who deserved the blessing of immortality – following death, individual souls faced O.’s judgment, their hearts were weighed against a feather= justice [heavy = bad, light=good]

·         In Yangshao

·         Discovered in 1952 (Neolithic village)

·         Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa had some of the most complex sewage system in the world

• period of time in Ancient Egypt
• Pharaoh’s power was restored during this time after years of political upheaval

• Most prominent gods in Ancient Egypt and Nubia
• Combined the two gods both for worshipping mainly to the sun
• Massive temple built for Amon-Re at Heliopolis

• Owned no land and made up much of the population
• Worked agriculture, military, labor for their lords all in exchange for plots and security.
• Used mostly wooden digging tools b/c bronze was too expensive

• Wife of Wu Ding, king of Shang dynasty
• Her tomb was not robbed like almost all of the other royal tombs
• Had political power, unlike other kings’ wives

• Served as Pharoah of Egypt

• Led to great military strengths wherever they were found