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focuses on the characteristics of the physical environment like the soil, plants, animals or climate. This area of geography is more of a natural science. |
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examines human groups and their activities, including building of structures, utilization of natural resources and communication among others.
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| is a subfield of human geography that specifically examines the effects of human societies on the world around them. This is where geography bridges physical sciences and social sciences |
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| He was the first person to use the word "geography", which was on his tomb and invented the discipline of geography as we understand it. He invented a system of latitude and longitude.Was the director of the library in Alexandria |
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| was the "father of history" and incorporated geography into his book "the histories" which chronicled the Greco-Prusian Wars |
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German Geography who compiled the data gained from the 1300's to the 1600's which lead to the establishment of what we know as region geography
Motivated by European Royals search for weath and trade routes to India and the Middle East |
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Mercator maps were good for early ocean navigation. Originally designed in the Age of Discovery, it made simple straight lines between important access routes.
This projection is poor because the spatial distortions at the poles are significant. Greenland, according to a Mercator map, is approximately the size of South America, which is very inaccurate.
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Robinson’s projection is good because it is easy on the eyes. It curves at the edges which allude to the earth’s round shape.
This projection is bad because the further out from the Prime Meridian the more distortion there is. |
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| focuses on integrating geographic features of an area or a place into the study. Specifically, how a features shapes the way people there live. |
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| emphasizes the linking interaction (or lack there of) among a number of places. Such as, but not limited to, trade between localized cities in particular regions or the nature of regional (international) relations (hostile neighbors). |
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| Geographic System's Analysis |
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| tends to stress the understanding of environmental, human systems, and the complex set of interactions between them. Such as, instability of levees along the Mississippi River and the willingness of people to relocate from that region. |
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| day to day variations in percipitation, temperature, and other atmospheric conditions |
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| Statistical summary of the weather over an extended period of time |
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| As objects on the earth come into contact with the sun’s rays they become hot. Different objects heat and cool differently. For instance, water heats slower than soil but remains warmer longer than soil once away from the sun’s rays |
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| measures the intensity of solar radiation. The more direct the rays the more intense the heat. |
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| The earth’s tilt (23.5 degrees on average) creates the fluctuation of the seasons in higher latitudes. The suns rays are only directly striking the equator during vernal and autumn equinoxes. Summer and Winter solstices occur when the sun’s rays are striking the Northern or Southern Hemisphere |
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| occurs when air on the surfaces rises and cooler air displaces downward |
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| when warmer air moves away from the equator and toward the poles |
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| Any type of moisture that originates in the atmosphere that settles on the hydrosphere or lithosphere |
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| occurs when air conatining water vapor comes in contact with a cooler mass |
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| causes winds to move in an indirect and curving path throughout different parts of the earth, this is caused primarily because the earth rotates as it revolves around the sun. |
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cyclones aka hurricanes- low pressure systems that grow in intensity
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| is caused by an increased amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and an decrease in other ozone gasses like O3. |
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| originally thought of the theory of Plate Tectonics, thought that the Earth used to be a supercontinent until continential drift occured |
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| are massive sheets of rocks/minerals that can be covered partially or entirely by water. These plates move in conjunction with each other as pressures from beneath the surface of the earth build and release. |
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| when the continents drift from their original formation |
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| sudden movements in the Earth's crust that are often caused my plate tectonics |
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| usually occur along the boundary of tectonic plates. |
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| do not usually cause violent erruptions, but form islands such as Hawaii |
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| more violent erruptions that can spew massive amounts of ash and lava and be very destructive |
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where tectonic plates come together
-convergent
-divergent
-transform |
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| convergent plate boundaries |
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where plates come together and one settles over the other
-mountain ranges often form
-lava rises from the cracks |
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-aka sea floor spreading
-when two plates move apart form eachother
-lava continuously rises to the surface but rarely erruptions occur |
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when the plates move next to each other
-san Andreas Fault |
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| the decomposition of rocks (occurs in rocks of all sizes) |
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| the decomposition of rocks and then these pieces being carried away by other agents of nature |
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| thick layers of moving ice that covers vast expanses |
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| exist where large amounts of snow fall happen before it is able to melt and the elevation rises |
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those located in areas of the extreme north and south
-more permanant |
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| large amounts of debris that were carries by the movement of glaciers and deposited in a place |
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| hard surface created after all small sediments have been swept away by wind in a desert |
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| usually created by underwater earthquakes, these are the largest and most destructive waves and can travel for thousands of miles |
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the water cycle
-the continuous movement of water on Earth through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff |
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| process where excess water on land is carried away by streams rivers to oceans seas and lakes |
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| the total amount of water that flows through an area at a given time |
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| the process of plants taking water from the soil in order to grow and reproduce |
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| cycles linked because plants give off oxygen through photosynthesis and animals give off carbon dioxcide through respiration |
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| the interaction between the lithosphere and biosphere is the soil... |
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| (1) abiotic chemicals, (2) producers, (3) consumers, & (4) decomposers |
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10% of energy consumed adds to biomass
90% is burned off and dissapated as heat |
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| one a group of plants and animals create a mutually successful environment. They rely on each other to survive. |
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| the variations of plants and animals in an environment |
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| the number of people that live in a given space in average |
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| the fertility of yeild value of a given piece of crop land |
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| the total annual number of births/deaths per 1000 of a given country/region |
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| The number of children boorn per 1000 women in a given area |
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| Total Fertility Rates (TFR) |
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| the averagy number of children that would be born to each woman in a given society if, durning child bearing years she bore children at the current rate for women her age |
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the rate at chich women bare childrean at the TFR and immigration rates
(determines if a regions population increases or decreases) |
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| tools used in demographic analysis to measure the different age segments of a given population |
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| the percentage of the population that is considered to be relativly unproductive in a society |
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| Demographic Transition Model |
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A system used my scholars that defines the growth of an area through three stages
(1)slow population growth (high crude death/birth rates)
(2)Medicine comes in-crude death decreases
(3)crude birth rates decline caused by low infant mortality |
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| the thought that humanity would reach its limits of ability to sustain itself |
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| some countries are trying to decrease population (china killing or abandoning girl children to carry on family name) |
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causeing problems
-not enough healthcare
-not enough money to sustain retirement programs
-baby boomers=big aging population |
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when people move from one place to another due to push or pull factors
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| occurs when an area produces a large amount of educated younger individuals and does not have jobs to support them |
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| an attempt to produce grain in new variations to help underdeveloped countries prosper |
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| when poeple grow farms primarily for consumption by their immediate families and then to sell if any is left |
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| When lines of transportation, communication, and inter-regional/international market develops, farms begin growing cash crop for profit and usually end up depleting the soil |
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Cows cattle
chickens
pigs or hogs |
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plants that grow and thrive in salt water
(kelp and seaweed) |
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| Anything created through natural processes that people use and value |
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| a resource that a society does not have the ability to harness |
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| the amount of a natural resource in relation to how much it is used by factors in the environment |
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| being able to use different resources for the same task |
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| natual resources that replace themselves naturally |
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| natural resources that form slowly and connot be replaced when used |
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| substance derived for the lithosphere.basic materials that humans use to construct other things |
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-Landfills
-incineration
-recycling |
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| bother natural and chemical sources of heat/power |
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| Caused by the releasing of excessive amounts of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxcides and sulfur oxcides from automobiles |
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| Produced when sulfur oxcides and nitrogen oxcides are discharged into the atmosphere where they mix with water and oxygen molecules and form sulfuric acid and nitric acid |
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