Term
| Basic forms of Historical Evidence (3): |
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Definition
Primary Sources
Secondary Source
Tertiary Sources |
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Term
| Define "primary sources". |
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Definition
| Firsthand evidence; records and other materials created in the past, particularly the actual words of someone who participated in/or witnessed events under historical investigation. |
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Term
| Examples of "primary sources". |
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Definition
-Printed or written records
-Newspaper accounts
-Images
-Sound recordings
-Structures
-Artifacts
-Ecofacts |
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Term
| Define "secondary sources" |
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Definition
| Secondhand evidence; the findings and conclusions of someone who didn't observe a historical event; but investigated the primary sources and other secondary sources. |
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Term
| Define "tertiary sources" |
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Definition
| Historical sources, normally prepared by multiple authors, based on secondary sources: textbooks, encyclopedias, and biographical dictonaries. |
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Term
| The words primary and secondary tell you the ___ & ___ of the source, NOT its ____, which is determined by accuracy and objectivity. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dealing with facts neutrally, without distortion by personal feelings or prejudices |
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Term
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Definition
| Dealing with facts by filtering them trhoug personal views, experiences, or background |
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Term
| Examples of a literary source (3) |
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Definition
The Illiad
The Trojan War
Homer |
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Term
| Examples of a secondary source |
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Definition
The Campaigns of Alexander
Arrian
Alexander of Macedon
Peter Green
Alexander the Great |
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Term
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Definition
| Past events; the study of significant past events through written records. |
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Term
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Definition
| Human history before writing. |
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Term
| *The origin of earth was when? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
Pre-human; human's immediate ancestor; 4-5'-5'.
Better runner than walker; very simple stone tools; food gatherer rather than hunter |
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Definition
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Term
| *Pleistocene Epoch is also known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the Pleistocene Epoch? |
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Definition
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Term
When was the Paleolitic Period?
What was it known as? |
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Definition
2-5 MYA-9000 BC
The Old Stone Age |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of the human past based on material remains of human behavior |
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Term
When did the Homo erectus exist? |
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Definition
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Term
How tall were the first humans?
What were some of their other characteristics? |
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Definition
5'-5.5'
Walked upright; limited speech; fire and crude but specialized tools; cooperative hunting and gathering. |
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Term
When did the Neanderthals exist?
Other characteristics? |
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Definition
130, 000 YA- 30,000 BC
5-5'; walked upright; limited speech; sophisticated weapons and tools; abstract thought |
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Term
When did the Homo sapiens sapiens exist?
How tall were they? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe weapons and tools made by Homo sapiens sapiens |
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Definition
| Varied and expertly. made. Bows & arrows; atlatis; fish hooks; harpoons. |
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Term
| When was the Holocene Epoach? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Mesolithic Period. |
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Definition
8,000-5,000 BC.
The Middle Stone Age--Europe Only
A transitional period associated mainly with microliths, chipped stone artifacts under 2 inches in length used for arrow heads and in composite tools like knives and stickles. |
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Term
| Describe the Neolithic Period. |
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Definition
9,000-3,500 BC
The New Stone Age- the most significant cultural period in history up until its time. |
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Term
| During the Neolithic Period, what did humans do? |
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Definition
-Began to produce food through farming and herding, rather than seeking it through hunting and gathering.
-First culture to spread world-wide |
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Term
| Achievements of the Neolithic Period (3) |
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Definition
-Migration
-Arts of weaving, knittying, and pottery
Creation of towns |
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Term
| What were the "first towns"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define "institutions" as thought of during the creation of The First Towns |
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Definition
| Significant practices, relationships, or organizations in society or culture. |
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Term
| Settled life in The First Towns led to..(4) |
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Definition
Institutions
The Family
Religion
The State |
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Term
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Definition
| The expression of a sense of dependence on a spirtual or moral power |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized society occupying a specific territory and controlled by a central authority. |
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Term
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Definition
Copper Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
800 BC (Europe)
1,200 BC (Middle East) |
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Term
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Definition
Gender: pelvis, skull, jaw, size of long bones and joints.
Age: Size, dental development, wear on teeth
Uprightness: knee joints |
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Term
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Definition
1913, human-like cranium, ape-like jaw (fossilized animal bones, crude stone toosl)
Presumed period: c. 100,000 YA- around the time of the Neanderthals |
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Term
| When was radiocarbon dating discovered and who discovered it? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1996; Columbia River, near Kennewick, Washington.
Cacasoid, not Mongolid; c. 7400 B.C.; CAT Scan, Native American Graves Protection & Repartration Act kept research from being done. |
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Term
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Definition
1903, Discovery of Britian's oldest complete skeleton: 23-year-old hunter with smashed face; a Mesolithic man.
c. 7000 BC
1997: DNA testing; 300th generation |
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Term
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Definition
1991, Australian-Italian Alsp, near the Similaun Glacier, 10,500 ft; 5'2/110 lbs.
3-5'' hair; tatoos; clothing, tools, weapons; 3300 B.C-Neolithic |
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Term
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Definition
| 700 bodies found in peat bogs over the past 200 years- Denmakr, Holland, Germany, Britian. Human sacrifices, murder victims, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively high level of cultural and technological development, including in particular, writing. |
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Term
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Definition
| a society based upon the centralized control of irrigation and flood management. |
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Term
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Definition
| flooded anually and enriched the valley: a 550 mile stretch, 12 miles across at its widest. |
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Term
| What were The Sea and The Deserts? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (flourished c. 300) Egyptian priest-- wrote in Greek the Aegyptiaca- divided Egyptian history into 30 dynasties. |
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Term
| Between 3500 and 3100, the Egyptians did 3 things.. |
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Definition
1) Began irrigation and drainage projects
2) Began to use copper
3) Created a written language |
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Term
| What were the two parts of Egypt during The Early Dynastic Period |
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Definition
| Lower (N. Egypt, esp. the Delta) and Upper Egypt (S. Egypt to First Cataract, c. 800 miles) |
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Term
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Definition
| first pharaoh and unifer; creater of first united country in history; founder of memphis as capital. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political/religious figure; king and chief priest. |
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Term
| When was the Old Kingdom? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the people like during the Old Kingdom? |
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Definition
| Extremely wealthy, peaceful, non-militaristic. Pharaos of the period; aloof, inacessible god-kings, among few destined for immortality. |
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Term
| The Old Kingdom was The Age of the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| First of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World, c. 500' tall, covered 13 acres. Over 2 million 2.5 ton stone blocks; peasant labor. |
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Term
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Definition
Innudation (June-Sept): flooded fields
Emergence (Oct-Feb): fields drain; planting and cultivation.
Drought (Mar-May): harvest; repair of dams, ditches, and reserviors. |
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Term
| The First Immediate Period |
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Definition
| 2181-2040. The Old Kingdom ended; civil wars among the nobles brought disunity and chaos. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2133-1786. A new dynasty, subdued the nobles, reunited Egypt from the new capital. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Middle Kingdom (3) |
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Definition
Increasted prosperity (trade)
Pharaohs seen as shepards of the people-improved their lives with public works
Immortality extended to all religious mortals |
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Term
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Definition
| Egypt's Golden Age-- classical period in Literature; development of portalture; the building of colossal temples and statues. |
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Term
| The Second Intermediate Period |
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Definition
1786-1567. Second uprising of nobles, compounded by invasion of the Hyksos.
Asiatic warriors: ruled for two centuries |
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Term
| Unexpected benefits of The Second Intermediate Period (2) |
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Definition
1) Unity against common enemy
2) Imitation of enemy's superior form of warfare- body armor, compound bows, chariots (horses introduced)-- led to enemy's slaughter, enslavement, or expulsion. |
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Term
The New Kingdom/ The Empire.
Next three dynasties:
Included (4)... |
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Definition
1567- 1085.
Agressive, expansive, imperialistic.
Included Palestine, Syria, Libya, and Sudan |
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Term
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Definition
Hatshepsut
Thutmose III
Akhenaton
Ramses II |
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Term
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Definition
| c. 1480. Female pharaoh; builder; expedition to Punt. |
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Term
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Definition
| c. 1450. "Alexander the Great of Egypt"- led seventeen campaigns; principal creator of the Empire. |
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Term
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Definition
| c. 1360. The "Heretic Pharoah" |
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Term
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Definition
| c. 1250. Paraoh of the Exodus; among the greatest builders (Karnak & Abu Simbel) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1085-341. During the reign of the final ten dynasties (some of them foreign), Egypt was conquered by various neighbors and finally, Alexander the Great. |
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Term
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Definition
323-30.
Rule of a Greek-speaking dynasty decended from Ptolemy. Coastal Alexandria; Egyptian capital and principal city of the Hellenistic World. |
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Term
| Last ruler during the Ptolemaic Period. |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss Egyptian religion. |
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Definition
| Dominant and pervasive- touched art, literature, philosophy, govt. |
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Term
| Egypt was essentially a ___ (government) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Gov a state by a ruler considered to be a god or by a priesthood considered to be divinely guided. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Attribution of animal characteristics to be a god. |
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Term
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Definition
| attribution of human characteristics to a god. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| god of earth and vegetation; a god that died and was reborn; judge of the Dead; sometimes portrayed as a mummy. |
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Term
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Definition
| preservation of the body for the return of the soul. |
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Term
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Definition
| wife and sister of Osiris; protector of children |
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Term
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Definition
| Brother and killer of Osiris; evil god of the desert/storms |
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Term
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Definition
| son of Isis and Osiris, with whom Egypt's pharaohs associated themselves, victor over set. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pharaoh of the 18th dynasty who briefly revolutionized Egyptian religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| the one god, source of all life; representation sun disk. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The Egyptians contriubted to (4) |
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Definition
1. Math & Sciences
2. Irrigation
3. Engineering
4. Architecture |
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Term
Eyptians developed a national religion around what idea?
This was the first example of what?(2) |
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Definition
The idea of personal immortality.
Monotheism and ethics |
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Term
| Eyptian influence would have been greater if... |
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Definition
| Their language and writing had greater currency. |
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Term
| Mesopotamia is known as _____ because why? |
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Definition
| The Land Between the Rivers: the Tigris River & the Euprhates River, flowing SE into the Persian Gulf. |
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Term
| General characteristics of Mesopotamia (4) |
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Definition
1. Open borders/frequent invasions
2. Flooding; unpredicatble; often vilent
3.Mesopotamian Pantheon; unsympathetic to fearsome
4. The above characteristics gave the various Mesopotamian civilizations a pessimistic outlook, a fetalistic view of life, and a preoccupation with the present rather than the dismal and uncertain future. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics Mesopotamia has in common with Egypt: (4) |
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Definition
1. Haudraulic society
2. Progress in ethics
3. Progress in science and mathematics (from dealing with problems of irrigation and land boundaries)
4. Various evils: slavery, imperialism, oppresive governments |
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Term
| The Mesopotamian Civilizations (5) |
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Definition
1. The Sumerians
2.The Old Babylonian (Amorite) Empire
3. The Assyrian Empire
4. The Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire
5. The Persian Empire |
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Term
| Describe Summer (S. Mesopotamia) |
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Definition
| Loose confederation of city-states. Produced the region's mother culture. |
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Term
| Sumerian's economy basis: |
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Definition
| Agriculture and commerce. |
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Term
| Sumerian's system of law: |
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Definition
| the lex talionis- the law of retaliation: punishment in kind- "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." |
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Term
| Sumerian greatest achievements: (4) |
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Definition
1. Cunieform
2. Mathematics (process of multiplication)
3. Astronomical observations ( from belief in astrology- idea that human fates are determined by the courses of the stars)
4. Architecture: vaults, domes, arches, columns plus the zigguart: characteristic public structure, like Egypt's pyramids |
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Term
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Definition
| Wedge shaped writing on clay tablets- Meditteranean standard for 2500 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terraced tower topped by a shrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polytheistic; anthromorphic; monistic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Both good dand evil issue from same god. |
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Term
| What Empire dominated Sumer during the Sumerian period? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| history's great empire bulder-- led 5400 soldiers on 34 campaigns- welded Akkad & Sumer into one. |
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Term
| Capital during the Old Babylonian Empire |
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Definition
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Term
| Culture during the Old Babylonian Empire |
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Definition
Absorbed from Sumer Hammurabi (1792-1750) lawgiver
Code of Hammurabi- more severe form of lex talionis. |
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Term
| Describe the Assyrian Empire: |
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Definition
| Began several hundred miles north of Persian Gulf, absorbed Sumerian culture- conqured Kassities, destroyed Babylon. |
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Term
| Greatest ruler of the Assyrian Empire: |
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Definition
| Sennacherib, builder of Nineveh (capital) |
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Term
| Assyrian Empire at its height (750-612) included (5) |
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Definition
1. Mesopotamia
2. Syria
3. Phoenicia
4. Israel
5. Egypt |
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Term
| Reason for Assyria's Fall |
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Definition
Fell on its own weight- too much territory conquered too quickly created an empire so large as to be immanageable.
Also: extreme cruelty made the conquered rebellious |
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Term
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Definition
| Nation of warriors whose state was vast military machine- most advanced weapons of their time (iron), unparalleled armor & siege engines. |
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Term
| Unprecedented Assyrian cruelties |
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Definition
| mutilations, impalements, flayings(skinning alive), ect. |
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Term
| Harshest Assyrian penalties: |
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Definition
| Homosexuality, abortion )because it lessened the population) |
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Term
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Definition
| Geography (circle of 360 degrees lat/long) |
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Term
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Definition
| planets named, eclipses predicted |
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Term
| Assyrian medicine, art, architecture |
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Definition
1. 500 drugs
2. Sculpture, low reliefs
3. Arches and domes; equated hugeness with beauty |
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Term
| Capital during the Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire |
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Definition
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Term
| Most short lived Mesopotamian empire. |
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Definition
| Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire |
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Term
| Greatest ruler during the Chaldean Empire. What did he do? |
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Definition
| Nebuchadnezzar. Rebuilt Babylon, destroyed Jerusalem, deported the Jews and built The Hanging Gardens- roof gardens: huge trees & shrubs on terraces w/in the palace walls, irrigated w/ water pumped from the Eyphrates. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Astronomy- related to their religion- invented the 7 day week; kept meticulous records, made accurate maps of the heavens |
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Term
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Definition
| Founder of the Persian Empire which began in Iran, E. of the Mesopitamian. |
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Term
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Definition
| brought Persian Empire to its height; Libya to India: 2600 miles in expanse, great military leader, excellent administrator, established the empire's dominant religion: Zoroastrianism |
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Term
| By the 4th century, what happened to the Persian Empire? |
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Definition
| Many subject peoples and the Persians themselves revolted: overtaxation. |
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Term
| What did Darius the Great do with the Persian Empire? |
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Definition
| divied it into provinces ruled by governors answerable to him |
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Term
| The Persian Empire acted how towards its subjects? |
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Definition
| tolerant, allowing them their practices, religions, laws & instiutions- as long as they paid tribute. |
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Term
| Achievement of the Persian Empire |
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Definition
| History's first highway, The Royal Road. Stretched 1600 miles from Sardis in Asia Minor to the administrative capital, Susa. Road branched to other cities; travel time: 3 months. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ceremonial capital, restort of the Great Kings- site of imperial tresury/royal tombs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eclectic, as show particularly in architecture |
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Term
| Great structures of the Persian Empire |
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Definition
| Palaces, not temples, particularly the Palces of Darius and xerxes at Persepolis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3rd wonder of the world. Built for whom? |
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Definition
| Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. The Satrap Mausolus by his wife/sister. |
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Term
| Most enduring contribution of the Persians. |
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Definition
| Zoroastrianism, distinctly Persian religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious reformer- sometimes called "history's first theologian" and founder of Zoroastrianism |
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Term
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Definition
| a religion characterized by ethical monothemism and dualism (belief in two supreme opposed powers) |
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Term
| Zoraster wished to push Persian religion away from... |
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Definition
| polytheism, yet he concieved of universe ruled by two conflicting entities: one good: Anura Mazda (the "Wise Lord") and one evil, Ahriman (the "lie") |
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Term
| Possible Persian contributions to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: |
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Definition
| emphasis on good and evil, free will of humans to chose between them, and a final judgement followed by heaven or hell. |
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Term
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Definition
| created the axes around which religious and philosophical thought would revolve for the next 2000 years. |
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Term
| Persian Empire period stretched from ___ century to ___ century BC, w/ particular emphasis on the ___ century |
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Definition
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Term
| (3) Gree Philosophers lived in the 5th and 4th centuries. |
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Definition
| Socrates, Plato, & Aristotale. |
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Term
| In secular matters, the Persian heritage was followed by whom? for their form of gov, which was what? |
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Definition
| Roman emporers for their form of government: divine right depotism. They also copied the Persian idea of World Empire. |
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Term
| The Hebrews were of little ____ but great ____ importance. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Father of the Hebrew people, left Ur. for Cannan/Palestine, E. Mediterranean coast.
According to Genisis, God made a convenant w/ Abraham, promising him Canaan where he would become father of a great nation. |
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Term
| Abraham was considered father for the (3) prinicpal monotheistic religions |
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Definition
1.Judaism
2.Christianity
3.Islam (through sons Isaac (Moses, Jesus) & Ishmael (Mohammed).) |
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Term
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Definition
| The Twelve Tribes of Israel/ the Children of Israel. |
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Term
| The Egyptian Captivity (c. 1300-1255) |
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Definition
| Hebrews driven to Egypt by famine, later enslaved. Captivity ended c. 1255 w/ the Exodus led by Moses. |
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Term
| The Age of the Judges (c. 1200-1025) |
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Definition
| Back in Palestine, the Hebrews led by men called judges, transitional figures in the evolution toward monarchy. Judges; Counselors w/ talents as sages, priests, & military commanders. |
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Term
| Examples from the Age of the Judges |
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Definition
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Term
| Three kings ruled Israel: |
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Definition
| Saul; David (built Jerusalem); & Solman (monarchy reached full flower, the Temple built, Biblical compliation began) |
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Term
| Soloman's son unable to keep kingdom together. Broke into two parts |
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Definition
a) Israel (933-722), capital: Samaria; Assyrian conquest, 722; the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.
b) Judah (933-586), capital: Jerusalem; Chalden conquest & Destruction of the Temple, 586. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Babylonian Captivity (dates) |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened during the Later History of the Jews (586-AD 70) |
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Definition
| Babylonian captivity, return under persian rule, temple rebuilt, absorbed by Alexander's Empire |
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Term
| Roman Protectorate, Destruction of Jerusalem & Dispora |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. the dispersal of the Jews by the Romans
2. Earlier disposals, esp. Assyrian and Babylonian deportations
3. dispersed population itself. |
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Term
| The Hebrew Concept of Monotheism (5) |
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Definition
1. God (Yaweh): both vengeful and merciful.
2. Each person must decide between good and evil based on God's mortality.
3. A covenant- or agreement- existed between the Hebrew people and god
4. Other gods: mere idols
5. Only one God for all people |
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Term
| The Hittites (fl. 1600-1200 BC) |
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Definition
| Empire: Anatolia & Syria. Destroyed by the Sea Peoples. Hittites mined iron ore produced iron and spread its use throughout the ancient world. |
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Term
| Greatest accomplisment of the Hittites |
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Definition
| creation and diffusion of an alphabet, ancestor of Modern Western Alphabets. |
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Term
| The Lydians (fl. 700-550) |
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Definition
| Empire: Western & central Anatolia: Rich, credited with the invention of coinage (gold and silver used: made valuable by beauty and scarcity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Croesus (d. 546), he sent the Oracle of Delphi to inquire if he should attack. This attack would destroy a great empire. He attacked and destroyed a great empire: his own. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the Ramayana and the Mahabharata |
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Definition
Ramayana- tale of Rama- exiled her & his patient wife. Like Oddessy
Mahabharata- the "Great War" similar to the Illiad |
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Term
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Definition
| religious writings, contains Hinduism history because they were passed down orally and finally written |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
The Vedas
The Upanishads
The Ramayana
The Mahabharata |
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Term
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Definition
| where Chinese civilization arose. Highland (dryland, not floodplain) farming in loess-- wheat |
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Term
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Definition
| fertile yellowish loam depositied by the wind |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| There is evidence of China as a "___ ___", which is what? |
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Definition
| vegetable civilization, one in which people adapt themselves completely to their environment. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Yellow River, semi-legendary, writing and sericulture (silk production) |
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Term
| Shang Dynasty (1500-1000) |
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Definition
| Yellow River Plain; bronze vessels; ivory carvings; war chariots & compound bows; oracle bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Turtle shells and bones inscribed with carved questions, then heated until cracks formed, from which a response was inferred by kings and diviner. |
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Term
| Significance of the Shang Dynasty |
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Definition
| early example of ancestor worship and earliest survival of Chinese writing |
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| Chou/Shou Dynasty (1000-221) |
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| Controlled by Yellow River and Yangtze areas. Gave China its historically identifying political and cultural characteristics. |
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| idea that China's ruler controlled his country with the mandate (authority) of Heaven. He ruled therefor as the Son of Heaven & could pass the throne to his descendants until the mandate was withdrawl for impiety or misgovernment. |
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| Subdued lords, created China's first empire; Great Wall begun; Emporer's Tob: 1000s of terra-cotta warriors and horses. Feudalism ended, superior administrative system established. |
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| China's first aware of other civilizations |
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| trade route from China to the West, including Rome--silk for silver, gold, and woolen goods; Confucianism instituted as state religion; paper invented |
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| Chinese Examination System (important) |
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| Civil service recruitment method and educational system employed from Han dynasty to 1905. Based on Confucian concept of state ruled by men of ability and virtue. |
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| Greatest Chinese philosopher; believed human nature basically good, but needed guidance through educationi. emphasized tradition, ancestor worship; Confucianism stabilized society but retarded progress. |
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| collection of major concepts of Confucian philosophy |
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| The Five Virtues of Confucius (name at least 1) |
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1. Careful observance of ancient traditions
2. Reverence for learning
3. Cherishing of honesty
4. Devotion to family
5. The rule: "What you do not want donet o you, do not to do to others |
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1. ruler/subject
2. father/son
3. elder/younger brother
4. husband/wife
5. friend/friend |
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| hamn nature inherently good, needs exemplary leadership. Greatest follower, affirmer, & popularizer of Confucius |
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| nature is perfect; man's rootedness in nature makes him wise, will be his salvation. Humans do best to follow intuition. |
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| Lao-tzu's philosophy; teaches self-sufficiency, simplicity, & detachment; promotes unity with nature. |
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| human nature is iherently evil; only hope for improvement: coercive discipline. Authoritarian political philosophy that brought the Ch'in dynasty to power, essentially died with it. |
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| Chinese intermingling beliefs |
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| The Chinese didn't feel restricted to one religion or philosophy. Might be Confucian in public/social life; Daoist or Buddhist of both in private life |
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| Geographic Factor of India |
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| Vast peninsula separated from the rest of Asia by mountains and seas |
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| Major regions of India (2) |
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Hindustan: rich northern plain watered by Indus & Ganges
the Deccan: south central plateau; combination of tropical forests and rocky, inhospitiable areas. |
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| Major centers of the Early Indus River Valley Civilizations (2) |
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| Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa similar to Egypt/ Mesopotamia: irrigated farmland, use of copper and bronze, writing not yet deciphered. All but obliterated: floods, earthquakes, barbarian invasions. |
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| (r. 324-297): expelled the Macedonians, won control of the N. plain, created first Indian empire. Though a harsh ruler, he created "India's Royal Road," stretching 1200 miles from Patna (his capital) to the W frontier. His administration: Persian model. Died a Jainist monk, fasting |
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| (4. 269-232) grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, warred until he controlled most of India, bringing Mauryan Empire to its peak, then became a pacifist Budhist. His widespread pillar edits show his policy of rule by dharma. Emphasize religious tolerance, non-violence, and vegetarianism. Regarded as one of history's noblest rulers. Dynasty died out: 183; choas followed. |
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| some of earliest surviving examples of Indian writing |
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1. Brahma: "The Creator"-once greatest god; set universe into motion; faded as others came into prominence.
2. Vishnu:"The Preserver"-- Universal God; helps humans at critical times by coming as an avatar/reincarnation.
3. Shiva: "The Destroyer"--Destructive Force: necessary agency in evolution of the world & living forms. |
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| Purpose of Life (important) |
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| to achieve union with the universal spirit, through purification of the soul by righteous living, praying, respecting the Brhamins, & making pilgrimages to the sacred Ganges. Soul purification requires many lifetimes: each person's soul goes through a process of rebirth (reincarnation), coming back higher caste or lower caste, depending on the deeds of the previous life. Evil brings Karma (certainty of retribution; Righteous conduct ultimately liberates the soul, allowing it to cease rebirth & achieve Nirvana (perpetual tranquility). |
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| founder of Janism; teaches that all living things have souls; to reach Nirvana, one must practice strict asceticism. Died fasting. |
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| founder of Buddhism, religion emphasizing physical & spiritual discipline as means of liberation from the physical world & of attainment of Nirvana |
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1. Life is Suffering
2. Suffering comes from desire
3. Ending suffering means stemming desire
4. Desire can be stemmed by following The Eightfold Path of right views, right aspirations, right speeceh, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right awareness, and right meditation. |
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| Buddhism spread to ____, ultimately died in ____. |
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| Fearsome semitic people, they employed chariots, mounted cavalry, and sophisticated siege engines in constructing the most powerful army of their day |
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| The ______prevailed against six other Warring States to establish a unified Chinese empire. |
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| During the_____period, China surpassed the level of technological development in the rest of the world. |
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| The group that invaded India, starting the Early Vedic Age, was the |
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| Which of the following groups was not one of the Indian castes or classes? |
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| ________introduced the idea of the transmigration of the soul. |
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| Aryans acquired iron metallurgy in the |
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