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| 10,000-5,000 BC, Mesopotamia. This changed the way of life. Making nomad life change to sustained civilizations. Started Mesopotamia. Made people stay put. Don't know exactly why started, might have been for overpopulation or scarce food supplies. |
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| 3500-1500 BCE. Land between two rivers. The first civilization established. Known to be the fertile crescent. Believed the gods were not kind and nurturing. Felt that they couldn't pray to their gods, and thought that they were responsible for their harsh environments. |
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| r.1792-1750 BCE. Babylonia. King of Babylonia. Wrote over 300 laws to protect people. Fierce ruler. |
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| Babylonia. About 300 laws that were established to govern society of Babylonia. Founded by King Hammurabi. Gave us insight on the way society was in Ancient Babylonia by the laws that were against common actions. |
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| 3500-1500 BCE. Mesopotamia. Writting using a wedge to creat pictures on soft clay. Told us stories about tragic events. Such as floods, battles, and then gave us insight about kings. |
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| Egyptian. Book used at the gates of Heaven. Told the people what to tell the gods. Told them to say what they DIDN'T do, and thus why they should be allowed into Heaven. |
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| Egyptian. Hierarchy of gods, Divine Family. Osiris (king/father/husband) Isis (queen/mother/wife) and Horus (son). The Pharaoh was considered incarnation of Horus. They were a great family, Loving. |
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| 2700-2200 BCE. Egyptian. Only during the Old Kingdom. Tombs for Pharaohs. Held tombs filled with vast jewelry and gold from Pharaohs. Often looted. |
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| (r.1473-1453) Egyptian. Daughter and Sister of Pharaoh. Married brother, then killed him to take reign. Known for great buildings/ architecture. Built temple into mountain for her tomb called Karnek Temple. Had two obelisk built for the gods(both still stand) |
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| r.1353-1334 BCE. Oddly shaped. Noticed Egkyptian priest gaining power. Came up with god Akton, and claimed only he could communicate with him. Known to have beautiful wife/co-leader. |
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| r.1290-1224 BCE. Egyptian. Famous as a military leader who subdued with the Hittites, who were fantastic warriors. Crated the first nonaggression peace treaty with Hittites. Battle of kadesh |
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| 1274 BCE. Egyptians and Hittites for control of Syria. Ramses II knew that he couldn't beat the Hittites. He made up a peace treaty, and that saved Egyptian lives. |
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| r.1332-1323. Egyptian. Young Pharaoh, died in his teens. Know as King Tut. His tomb was untouched. It gave us a look at what the tomb of a Pharaoh looked like with all its jewelry and gold. |
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| Egyptian. Egypts form of writing. Told us about the lifestyle, agricuture, Pharaohs, and battles. |
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| 2000-1450 BCE. Crete, a technologically sophisticated society. Collapsed in 1450 BCE for unknown reasons. Script is still undiciphered. |
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| 1450-1200 BCE. Trojan War 1250 BCE. Influenced from Minoan Civilization. A society more focused on a militaristic society. |
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| 900-700 BCE. Greek Poet. Wrote about the Dark Age. He was the only writer that wrote about the Dark Age that we have. |
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| 1250 BCE. Battle between Troy and Mycenean Greece. Battle to get back the Queen of Sparta, Helen. Thought to be made up. Could have been to open trade routes. |
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| Greek. A city-state. Was basically like the states of Greece. Each had their own rules, but they were apart of the Greek Empire. |
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| 900-?BCE. Greek. Very strong Militaristic Society. Took all children into practice, and men served from 20-60 in army. |
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| 1550-? BCE. Had the Parthenon. Known for its magnificent philosphers, Athens flourished the Greek empire, and founded the golden age. Had a great naval military. |
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| 492-449BCE, Greek city-states and Persia, |
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| 490 BCE. A battle between Athens and Persia. Got its name because of the an Athenian runner ran 26.2 km to tell about the battle. Athens won. |
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| 480 BCE. Part of the Persian wars. Persia Won, because a Atheninan Traitor led the Persians around a mountain cliff to trap the Athens in a valley on both sides. |
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| 479 BCE. A naval battle that Athens won in an outnumbered battle. |
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| r.(461-429 BCE). Considered the greatest Athenian ruler. He founded the golden age. Supported many architects, philosphers, and painters. Built the Parthenon. He let Ancient Athens flourish and caused the empire to rise. Took them to vicotories in many battles. |
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| 431-404 BCE. War between Athens and the Peloponnesians. IDK????? |
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| 359-336BCE, Macedon,was an accomplished king and military commander in his own right, setting the stage for his son’s victory over and the conquest of Persia. Philip inherited a weak, backward country with an ineffective, undisciplined army and molded them into a formidable, efficient military force, eventually subduing the territories around Macedonia as well as subjugating most of Greece. |
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| Macedonian king Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) Known to be the greatest military king of the world. Conquered many civilizations. |
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| 469-399BCE. best known critical thinker; talked about morality and ethics. Encouraged people to quesiton authority leaders. Voluntarily killed himself by drinking hemlock. |
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| 428-347 BCE. wrote down socrates works, perserving it. Stated our senses are unreliable; must use our minds to understand universe/nature. Philosopher king |
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| 384-322 BCE, literature drama of comedy and tragedy. FOunded the disciplines of biology, physics, astronomy, logic, politics. |
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| 496-406 BCE. Wrote Oedipus Rex, Tragedy where he married his mom and killed his father. |
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| A story where a man kills his father and marries his mother. |
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| Aeschylus (525-456 BCE) king of ancient Greek. Was overbearing in pride and confidence. |
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| 275-195 BCE. Cryene. Greek scientific writer/astronomer, first measured the size of the earth. |
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| 400's BCE, Greek. Came up with the theory of atoms cannot be created nor destroyed. That they are infinite in number and constantly moving/changing. |
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1000 BCE. Predominant ethnic group of Iran. Great empire that fought many battles. Were known to be tough, but not a very good naval empire. |
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| (reign: 559-530 BCE), also known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Persian empire.Throughout his reign he conquered Babylon, Lydia, and the Greek cities of Asia Minor. The expansion of Persia brought wealth, which Cyrus used to construct the royal cityof Pasargadae. |
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| (born 550 bc—died 486), king of Persia in 522–486 bc, one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, who was noted for his administrative genius and for his great building projects. Darius attempted several times to conquer Greece; his fleet was destroyed by a storm in 492, and the Athenians defeated his army at Marathon in 490. |
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| (born c. 628 bc, probably Rhages, Iran—died c. 551, site unknown), Iranian religious reformer and founder. Teachings of Judaism |
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| The Cyrus cylinder: clay cylinder; a Babylonian account of the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus in 539 BC, of his restoration to various temples of statues removed by Nabonidus, the previous king of Babylon, and of his own work at Babylon. The cylindrical form is typical of royal inscriptions of the Late Babylonian period, and the text shows that the cylinder was written to be buried in the foundations of the city wall of Babylon. It was deposited there after the capture of the city by Cyrus in 539 BC, and presumably written on his orders. |
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| Phoenician city-states began to take form c. 3200 BCE and were firmly established by c. 2750 BCE. Phoenicia thrived as a maritime trader and manufacturing center from c.1500-332 BCE and was highly regarded for their skill in ship-building, glass-making, the production of dyes, and an impressive level of skill in the manufacture of luxury and common goods.Made the alphabet. |
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| 2500-1900 BCE. Capitol of Ancient India, Larger than Egypt. Perfect city architectually. Everything was planed out. Standarized measurements. Sophisticated sanitation system. Undeciphered script. Disapperead randomly. |
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| 1500-500 BCE, Religous works Vedes. Indian city. Noble/pure people. Spoke Sanskrit or Hindi. Related to greek, latia, and english. Had a strict heirarchy and a caste system. Hinduism. Believed in reincarnation. |
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| A large body of scripture in the Vedic Age. Which were sacred works written in Sanskrit. |
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| A heirarchy system in the Arayan Civilization. Made up of 5 classes. 1. Brahming 2. Warriors/government officials 3. Merchants 4. Shudra-peasants 5."untouchable"-workers at "polluted" jobs, very bottom |
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| 320-185 BCE, Ancient Indian, efficient and highly organized autocracy with a standing army and civil service. Ashoka's empire |
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| Souls don't die, only bodies. Main belief of Indian Civilizations |
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| What goes around comes around. Every action has an opposite and equal reaction in the opposite sense. |
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| 320-297 BCE. Ancient Indian King. Established central government control. Built highways standardized measurements. |
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| 269-232 BCE. Ancient India. Destruction of Kalinga 261 BCE. "edicts"-descriptions of actions towards each other. On stone pillars. Told to be kind/ tolerant. |
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| fl.500 BCE The enlightened one. Human life is suffering. Cause is desire. Told people how to eliminate by following the Eightfold path. Told how to achieve Nirvana. Siddhartha Gautama. |
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| Place of peace and nothingness. Ones soul is freed from all earthy desires. The soul doesn't have to go through reincarnation. They are freed into a place of blissfullness. |
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| (born 319 bce—died 272, Argos, Argolis), king of Hellenistic Epiruswhose costly military successes against Macedonia and Rome gave rise to the phrase “Pyrrhic victory.” Defeated Rome and many other former allies. |
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| 813 BCE. Pheonician Empire. Originally a small port on the coast, established only as a stop for Phoenician traders to re-supply or repair their ships, Carthage grew to become the most powerful city in the Mediterranean before the rise of Rome. |
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The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. and ending with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage–a powerful city-state in northern Africa–had established itself as the leading maritime power in the world. The First Punic War broke out in 264 B.C. when Rome interfered in a dispute on the Carthaginian-controlled island of Sicily; the war ended with Rome in control of both Sicily and Corsica and marked the empire’s emergence as a naval as well as a land power. In the Second Punic War, the great Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy and scored great victories at Lake Trasimene and Cannae before his eventual defeat at the hands of Rome’s Scipio Africanus in 202 B.C. left Rome in control of the western Mediterranean and much of Spain. In the Third Punic War, the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured and destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 B.C., turning Africa into yet another province of the mighty Roman Empire.
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| In 219 B.C., Hannibal of Carthage led an attack on Saguntum, an independent city allied with Rome, which sparked the outbreak of the Second Punic War. He then marched his massive army across the Pyrenees and Alps into central Italy in what would be remembered as one of the most famous campaigns in history. After a string of victories, the most notable coming at Cannae in 216 B.C., Hannibal had gained a foothold in southern Italy, but declined to mount an attack on Rome itself. The Romans rebounded, however, driving the Carthaginians out of Spain and launching an invasion of North Africa. In 203 B.C., Hannibal abandoned the struggle in Italy to defend North Africa, and he suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of Publius Cornelius Scipio at Zama the following year. Though the treaty concluding the Second Punic War put an end to Carthage’s status as an imperial power, Hannibal continued to pursue his lifelong dream of destroying Rome up until his death in 183 B.C. |
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The Battle of Cannae in the summer of 216 BC is a milestone in Roman history.
It was Hannibal's finest hour and forced the Romans to learn a painful lesson.
The Roman legions were perhaps the finest military units of their day. Their methods of fighting, their training and their equipment were highly sophisticated and very effective.
But an army on its own, no matter how devastating, will not win battles. It stands or falls with its commander. The long line of brilliant Roman military leaders should largely arise from the lessons learnt against Hannibal.
Having famously crossed the Alps with his elephants, Hannibal descended into Italy and wrought havoc against the Roman forces.
Major battles took place at Trebia and at Lake Trasimene, in both of which Hannibal remained victorious.
A lot is made of the psychological impact his elephants had on terrified Roman troops.
But by the battle of Cannae all Hannibal's elephants had died.
Rome put a massive infantry force into the field against him. Force was to be conquered by greater force. Such was the Roman way. The Roman commanders L.Aemilius Paullus and C.Terrentius Varro led a force of 50'000 men or more against Hannibal, who could had 40'000 or less to face them. More so, Hannibal's troops were most likely not of the same quality as Roman legionaries. They were a colourful mix of Gauls, Spaniards, Numidians and Carthaginians.
In theory the Roman sledgehammer should have crushed the Carthaginian menace, but for the way it was to be wielded. Near the town of Cannae next to the River Aufius (Ofanto) the armies met. |
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| 73 BCE. Punic Wars. Created an organized rebellion to overthrow the government for the bette life/fairness for everyone. Showed historians how desperate the lower clases wer. Died in battle . Romans cruixified all traders/ criminals. |
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| 100-44 BCE, Roman King. Greatest general of the western empire. conquered Gual, then returned with his army ready to fight Rome to say he was king. Wrote about Gaul to tell his fellow commanders that he was winning. Declared dictator for life at 45 BCE. His reforms helped Roman Society. Gave citizenship to the Gauls, and reformed the calander. Killed to go back to a democracy. |
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| FOught to get government control over Rome. Was co ruler with Octavian. Got involed with Cleopatra and Egypt. Ruled until Romes republic ended. |
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| 30BCE-180CE. Roman Peace. Golden Age of Rome. 200 years of prosperity and stability given by Augustus Caesar. Reduced corruption among the government officials. |
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