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| A black meteorite in the city of Mecca that became Islam's holiest shrine |
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| Was born in Mecca. Claimed to be the last and greatest in the line of prophets. He wrote his revelations from Allah through the angel Gabriel in the Qur'an |
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| "a reciting" - The Islamic bible, which Muslims believe God revealed to the prophet Muhammad |
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| "submission" to Allah. The religion founded by the prophet Muhammad |
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| The flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. It marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar |
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| The Islamic community - a community of the faithful |
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| The pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are enjoined to perform at least once in their lifetime |
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| Muhammad's successors - Abu Bakr was the first of these |
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| The basic ritual practices that are required of all Muslims. The Creed: "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet" - Prayer, Daytime fastind during the holy month of Ramadan, Alms to the poor and Pilgrimage to Mecca; the hajj |
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| "Struggle in the path of God" Although not necessarily implying violence, it is often interpreted to mean holy war in the name of Islam |
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| An Islamic military commander |
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| "Persons with correct Knowledge". The Islamic scholarly elite who served a social function similar to the Christian clergy |
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| The minority of Muslims who trace their beliefs from the caliph Ali who was assassinated in 661 CE |
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| Means "tradition" - They are the dominant Islamic group |
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| Slave soldiers who converted to Islam, they eventually became a powerful military caste that governed Egypt from 1250 to 1517. |
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| Ruled from Baghdad - Arab dominance was replaced by Eastern, especially Persian influence. Leaders of the mamluks who gained power. Splendid court left rich cultural legacy. |
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| Rulers who have almost complete sovereignty over a certain domain without claiming the title of caliph. |
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| After Rome fell in the west, the eastern part of the Roman Empire moved to the city of Byzantium under the rule of Constantine. |
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| Ruled during the first period of the Byzantine history, which was the greatest. During his reign he ruled 1,500 cities. Believed in "one God, one empire, one religion". Ordered a codification of the massive amounts of legal materials he had inherited from his predecessors |
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| Known for being "co-emperor" with Justinian, she was known to equal her husband in intelligence and surpass him in toughness. |
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| The capital of the Byzantine Empire, the largest with about 350,000 inhabitants. It was the crossroads for Asian and European cultures |
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| Believed that Christ had a single, immortal nature and was not a union of eternal God and mortal man. This belief was condemned as heresy by the West in 451. |
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| The emperor acting as if he held authority over the church as well as his kingdom. Usually found in the Eastern Empire |
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| The destruction of icons (religious sacred images) under Constantinople, yet in the mid-ninth century, there was a restored respect for the images |
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| Year 313 - Gave Christians a favored status in the empire including special privileges, great lands and wealth. |
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| From Nursia - established Benedictine monasticism. He also wrote the Rule for Monasteries, which detailed how a monastery should be run |
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| The doctrine that the popes are direct successors to the Apostle Peter and, as such, heads of the Church |
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| A chieftain who converted to orthodox Christianity around 496, founded the first Frankish dynasty, the Merovingians. |
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| West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some of these people raided Roman territory |
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| Land granted to a vassal in exchange for services, usually military. |
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| The missionary and most important German clergy who served Carolingian kings by making Christian bishops in missionary districts and elsewhere become lords. This was the integration of state and church. |
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| Territory in central Italy ruled by the pope until 1870. This was given to the Pope after the Franks defeated the Lombards |
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| ulama’s power and fixity as a class were expressed in this college or higher learning. |
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| The religious month were Muslims must fast during daylight hours. |
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| A mystical tradition of Islam which dedicates to Divine love-aim: to realize the Divine Unity |
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| Mostly found in Iran, Iraq, and the lower Indus, a sect of the Islam faith. |
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| The cultural center of Western world for two centuries- renowned in medicine, science, intellectual life, pubic baths, etc. Reached peak under Abd al-Rahman III |
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| The Christian Spanish “Reconquest” of Spain which pushed out the Muslims |
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| A Sunni Kurd who was well known in west for his battles- the most famous was when he retook Jerusalem from the crusaders. |
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| Rulers who have almost complete sovereignty over a certain domain without claiming the title of Caliph |
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| The only Islamic dynasty to withstand Mongols, based in Cairo, they patronized scholars and artists. |
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| The most zealous of Sunni Muslims, used Turkish slave troops in Baghdad which ended in their permanent presence in the Islamic world of Turkish ruling dynasties. |
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| Surpassed Genghis Khan savage campaigns for the sake of conquest. Left chaos and destruction throughout eastern Islamic world. |
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| Large plateau with varying terrain that constitutes most of Southern India. |
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| A language that combines Persian-Arabic and native Indian elements. Urdu is the Muslim version of the language. Hindi is the Hindu version. |
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| (Middle America) from central Mexico into Central America. Very diverse land |
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| A hard volcanic glass that was widely used in Mesoamerica |
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| Corn, one of Mesoamerica’s major contributions to the world |
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| The most prominent Early Formative period culture, found in the lowlands of Mexico’s Gulf coast. Most of what is known is from archaeological sites |
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| Found in the valley of Oaxaca. Based on two interlocking calendars each with it’s own day and month names |
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| Means "Birthplace of the Gods" This city had a population of more than 150,000. It is known for the Avenue of the Dead. Influence expanded throughout Mesoamerica. |
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| In Teotihuacan, a 210-foot pyramid, near the pyramid of the moon at the end of the avenue of the dead. |
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| A southern Mesoamerican civilization. Tikal was the largest city, 50-70 thousand people. Powerful families dominated cities. Captured prisoners and sacrificed them to gods. |
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| The largest city of Maya civilization, 50-70 thousand people, powerful families dominated it. |
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| The Mayan calendar that dated from a fixed point in the past. |
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| Rose prominence in 900 AD in Northern Mesoamerica- Capital city is Tula |
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| Referred to themselves as Mexica, 1519 dominated much of Mesoamerica. Capital city- Tenochitalian |
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| 200,000-300,000 The largest city yet seen in Mesoamerica, built on landfills and islands in the southern part of Techcoco. Had great temples |
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| the ability to use their resources at all altitudes |
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| city that was the center of a powerful cult, on a trade route-800 BC, influence was growing in the highlands. |
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| 100 BC-700 AD, was centered in the Ica and Nazca valley |
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| One of the first expansionist cultures, responsible for new agriculture technologies |
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| 1532 AD one of the largest states in the world. Capital Cuzco had temples dedicated to the sun and the moon. |
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| The land of the four quarters- the capital of Incas, a system of relay runners brought messages from afar |
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| Known as the lost city of the Incas that perches between two peaks on the eastern slopes of the Andes. |
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| The language of the Incas |
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| a term for leaders who are direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad through his first grandson, Hasan ibn Ali |
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| A substantial state within Africa. The rulers did not convert to Islam but accommodated Muslim traders elaborately. |
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| Was forged by the Keita clan in the mid-thirteenth century. Agriculture and cattle farming were primary occupations of their power. The greatest Keita king was Mansa Musa. |
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| (r. 1312-1337) Consolidated Mali's power, securing peace for most of his reign. It was under his reign that Timbuktu flourished |
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| The leading intellectual center of sub-Saharan Islam – famous for libraries, poets, scientists, etc. Also a major trading city on the Sahel. |
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| For more than a century these people were the most powerful state in Africa. Had a strong military. Their prosperity was at its peak under Askia Dawud |
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| A large state in Africa. Campaigned under their leader, Mai Dunama Dibbalemi. They ruled some of their dominion directly and some through tribute. |
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| A forest kingdom, reflecting the sophistication of West African culture before 1500. Famous for its brass sculptures. |
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| Where Europeans traded with Senegambia for products (primarily gold) |
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| This kingdom was located on a fertile, well-watered plateau south of the lower Zaire River valley. A central government based on a pyramid structure of tax or tribute collection. Provincial governors were trading (slaves) with the Portuguese. |
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| The first white colonial enterprise in black Africa. It was exporting thousands of slaves yearly by the 1500's. |
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| A language and culture that developed from the interaction of Africans and Arabs along the East African coast. |
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| The Spanish and Portuguese term for Muslims |
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| A major power center in East Africa under the Omanis. Cloves were its staple export. |
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| The capital of the civilization located in modern Zimbabwe. It is a huge site encompassing two major building complexes. The stonework reflects a wealthy and sophisticated society. |
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| Built the first Cape settlement to resupply Dutch vessels. The people in this colony were the forebears of the Afrikaners. |
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| White livestock farmers in Cape Colony |
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| The new language, derived from Dutch, that evolved in the seventeenth – and eighteenth century Cape Colony |
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| “Apartness” - the term referring to racist policies enforced by the white-dominated regime that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1992. |
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| People who maintained that clergy should not be subservient to kings and that all clergy should come directly under the authority of the pope. |
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| Embraced Cluny reforms and was an advocate of other reforms as well. Excommunicated Henry and absolved all Henry's subjects from loyalty to him. Henry had to come to terms with him. |
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| The king during Pope Gregory VII's papacy. Was excommunicated by Gregory and was forced to relinquish his right of appointing Bishops. |
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| The disagreement between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV about who could appoint Bishops. The agreement came later under Henry V and Pope Calixtus II where the pope only could give the ring and staff to the bishop and the emperor could grant bishops their secular fiefs. |
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| Religious wars directed by the church against “infidels” and “heretics”. |
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| An association of merchants or craftsmen that offered protection to its members and set rules for their work and products |
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| Method of study based on logic and dialectic that dominated the medieval schools. It assumed that truth already existed; students had only to organize, elucidate, and defend knowledge learned from authoritative texts, especially those of Aristotle and the Church Fathers. |
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| Was the boldest and most controversial of the advocates of the new Aristotelian learning. The leading philosopher and theologian of his day, became Master of Students at Notre Dame. |
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| Monks and nuns who belong to religious orders. |
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| Parish clergy who did not belong to a religious order |
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| The everyday language spoken by the people, as opposed to Latin |
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| Defeated Harold Godwinsson for the throne. He established a strong monarchy. His rule was a balance of monarchical and parliamentary elements (a long lasting effect) |
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| The “Great Charter” limiting royal power that the English nobility forced King John to sign in 1215 |
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| A 3 century line of kings. Their rule started as a small domain in France, but in the end it encompassed almost all of France – this was the gradual unification of what is now France. |
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| Grandson of Philip Augustus, embodied the medieval view of the perfect ruler. Abolished private wars and serfdom within his royal domain, gave his subjects the right of appeal from local to higher courts and made tax more equitable. The French associated their king with justice – national identity grew strong. |
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| 1337-1453 – War between England and France. Dynastic, territorial and economic rivalries. Fighting was in france (which was larger and wealthier), but England one most of the battles. In the end England lost the war. |
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| Saved the French monarchy. Had a vision that she was to liberate France. Was captured and turned over to inquisition where she was burned at the stake. |
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| The bubonic plague that killed millions of Europeans in the fourteenth century. |
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| Was the last pope to stand up to the much more powerful kings. Issued a bull that forbade lay taxation of clergy without papal approval. King Philip refused. He then issued the papal bull, the Unam Sanctam. Philip reacted in force and may have killed this pope had the people not rescued him. |
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| Beat Pope Boniface in the argument about taxation. Put an end to the popes standing up to kings. |
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| The appearance of two, and at times three, rival popes between 1378 and 1415. |
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| The revival of ancient learning and the supplanting of traditional religious beliefs by new secular and scientific values that began in Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. |
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| The study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the Church Fathers both for their own sake and to promote a rebirth of ancient norms and values. |
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| The father of humanism, celebrated ancient Rome in his writings and tirelessly collected ancient manuscripts. |
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| his writings, Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy form the cornerstones of Italian vernacular literature. Also wrote what is known as 'The Inferno' |
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| The Italian political theorist who advised Renaissance princes to practice artful deception and inspire fear in their subjects if they wished to succeed. |
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| a magnificent political and cultural center – after Yaroslav's death it became another of several national centers. |
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| Name given to the Mongol rulers of Russian from 1240 to 1480 |
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| Brought all of northern Russia under Moscow's control and ended Mongol rule in 1480. |
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| replaced Kiev as the political and religious center of Russia. In Russian eyes it was destined to become the “third Rome” after the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453. |
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| Castile and Aragon were divided kingdoms (which together make up Spain) until the marriage of this couple. Together they were able to subdue their realms, secure their borders and venture abroad militarily. |
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| Civil war in England after the Hundred Year war. It was between two rival branches of the royal family, the House of York and the House of Lancaster. |
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| Defeated Richard III in August 1485. Was the founder of a Tudor dynasty that endured until 1603 |
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| Territory in central Italy ruled by the pope until 1870. This was given to the Pope after the Franks defeated the Lombards. |
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| The son of Pepin the Short, continued the role of his father as papal protector in Italy and his policy of territorial conquest in the north. He defeated the Lombards and took the title, “King of the Lombards” |
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| Christmas Day 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III. This was a revival in Germany of the old Roman Empire in the West. |
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| Village farms owned by a lord. This is where the lord lived and where people worked under him (he was virtually a local king) |
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| Unlike a freeman who owns his hereditary property, these people were tied to the land they tilled in exchange for protection and assistance |
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| A medieval innovation that increased the amount of land under cultivation by leaving only one-third fallow (unsown to help re-cultivate the land) in a given year. |
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| Brought peace to Louis’ surviving heirs. The Carolingian Empire was partitioned into three equal parts. |
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| Normans (North men) came into Europe form Scandinavia. They stayed a threat until Europe defeated the Norwegians in later years. |
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| The majority ethnic group in Hungary who were excellent horsemen, swept into Western Europe from the eastern plains. |
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| The social, political, military, and economic system that prevailed in the Middle Ages and beyond in some parts of Europe. |
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| Originally were land nobility, ruled over their domains as miniature kingdoms. They literally maintained their own armies, courts, regulated local tolls; some even minted their own coins. |
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| A person granted an estate or cash payments in return for accepting the obligation to render services to a lord. More or less they were “gangs-in-waiting”. |
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| An oath of loyalty by a vassal to a lord, promising to perform specified services and to do nothing to hinder the Lord or threaten his well-being. |
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