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| The Greeks who colonized Sicily and southern Italy. Military ruling class over the native people. Power declined in 500 BCE |
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| "The power to command" - The right of Roman kings to issue commands and to enforce them by fines, arrests and physical punishment |
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| The hereditary upper class of early Republican Rome - held monopoly of power and influence. Other groups could not marry in (closed caste) |
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| The hereditary lower class of Republican Rome - farmers, laborers and artisans. |
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| Rome's first attempt to codify Rome's harsh customs in 450 BCE |
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| Roman officials who had to be plebeians and were elected by the plebeian assembly to protect plebeians from the arbitrary power of the magistrates |
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| Three wars between Rome and Carthage for dominance of the western Mediterranean that were fought from 264 BCE to 146 BCE |
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| Took command of Carthaginian forces in Spain in 221 BCE. Had the biggest victory against Rome in all of Roman history. Never lost a battle , but didn't have the numbers or supplies to attack Rome itself |
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| Ended all of his speeches in the Senate with "Besides, I think that Carthage must be destroyed" - One of many who would not abandon his hate for Carthage. A conservative censor |
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| A great Roman orator (106-43 BCE) traveled to Greece to study with great teachers of rhetoric and philosophy |
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| Tiberius and his brother Gaius were populares. Tiberius gained power through support of the people not through aristocratic influence. He (and 300 followers was killed for his violation of the constitution. Gaius was also killed with three thousand of his followers |
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| Marius made military service open to volunteers. Marius created the opportunity for military leaders to challenge authority of civilian government. Both of these men routed Jugurtha (Sulla was Marius' subordinate) |
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| Enacted the Triumvirate. His military power made a sham of the dictatorship - was assassinated in 44 BCE |
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| Caesar's heir and grandnephew. Battled Mark Antony for control of Roman empire and won in 31 BCE. Had to exercise the power of a king without appearing to threaten the republican traditions |
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| A major poet of Roman literature (70-19 BCE) Wrote the Aeneid. |
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| The cults of Isis, Mithras and Osiris, which promised salvation to those initiated into the secret or "mystery" of their rites |
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| The apostle Paul was converted on the road to Damascus |
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| Means "universal". The body of belief held by most enshrined within the church |
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| (284-305 CE) A man of undistinguished birth. Devised the tetrarchy. |
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| (306-337 CE) Established peace and unity although it didn't last. |
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| Blending or fusion of different systems of religious or philosophical beliefs. |
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| The belief formulated by Arius of Alexandria that Jesus was created being, neither fully man nor fully God, but something in-between |
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| A statement of Christian belief, formulated by the council of Christian bishops at Nicaea in 324 CE that rejected Arianism in favor of the doctrine that Christ is both fully human and fully divine |
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| (348-420 CE) A Christan with superb classical education. Translated the Vulgate - the revised version of the Bible in Latin |
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| (260-340) attempted to develop a Christian theory of history as a working out of God's will in his Ecclesiastical history. All history had divine significance and direction |
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| Bishop of Hippo in North Africa. Skilled in rhetoric and philosophy. His greatest work was the Confessions |
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| Ruthless state of the late Zhou era. Controlled two of the most fertile regions of ancient China. Known as crude, tough and brutal. |
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| One of the oldest cities in China's history and is the founding site of the terra-cotta soldiers. It is the far eastern point of the Silk Road. |
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| Were thousands of life-sized terra-cotta soldiers found in the tomb of the first emperor of the Qin dynasty (256-206 BC) |
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| The term used to describe the rise, decline and fall of China's imperial dynasties |
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| Emperor of Han Dynasty - Gaozu. After the collapse of the Qin dynasty; avoided reminding of the despised Qin despotism. The rulers were later noted as model sage-emperors. |
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| Ruler of the Han dynasty, known as the "martial emperor" who came to the throne at age sixteen in 141 BC. Was daring, vigorous, and intelligent, but vengeful and suspicious |
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| Trade route from China to the West that stretched across Central Asia. Linked Chang'an with Rome, which was highly important on the traveling of ideas |
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| Based off of Zhou Confucianism, the Han Confucianism explained why a virtuous leader would not only order society, but would harmonize nature. |
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| They were the greatest historians of premodern world. History seen as a lesson book for statesman. They wrote more history than anyone else. |
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| Life is suffering, the cause of suffering is desire, death does not stop the endless cycle of birth and rebirth, only the attainment of nirvana releases one from the "wheel of karma" |
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| Dynasty from 589-618 under Sui Wendi. Had a centralized government and unified the north. |
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| 618-907 - Extended authority over all of China. Confucian scholars and buddhist temples. |
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| The branch of the imperial Chinese government that acted as a watchdog, reporting instances of misgovernmentj directly to the emperor and remonstrating when it considered the emperor's behavior improper. |
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| Capital city. A walled city of 1,000,000 - the emperors palace located in Chang'an |
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| Golden age of Buddhism in China. Openness and broad contacts with other cultures. Combinations of cosmopolitan, Buddhist and secular elements were what made up their culture. |
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| A daoist poet. A muscular swordsman. Composed 20,000 poems and was always sensitive to beauty. |
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| 960-1279 - Divided into Northern Song (earlier) and Southern Song (later) dynasties. Fell to the Mongols in 1279. A time of agricultural and Commercial revolution. |
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| An increase in trade in the Song dynasty. Instead of trade based on silk, they now had cash currency and credit. This was also a time of technological advancement. |
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| The Song culture was more narrow and less accepting than the Tang had been. These were rich and increasingly educated people. A decline in Buddhism and the peak of Chinese traditional culture. |
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| A nomadic steppe people who were united under Genghis Kahn and at one point covered 22% of the earth's land |
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| Established by Kublai Khan and it was the Mongol empire within China. From 1297 - 1368 |
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| Great leader and uniter of the Mongol people. Was ruthless to the people he fought and encouraged morality and encouraged his people to be like "lions in war and droves in peace". |
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| Genghis Khan's grandson. The fifth Great Khan of the Mongol empire. His leadership was strong but it also marked the beginning of Civil War within the Mongolian Empire |
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| Wrote Il Millone which introduced the Europeans to central Asia and China |
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| 918-1392 - Korea derives from this dynastic name. Buddhist age. Underdeveloped economy. Cultural brilliance (poetry, literature and celadon vases) |
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| Was under Chinese rule for a millenium (111 BCE-939 CE) Vietnamese culture changed greatly under China. Last of 10 revolts in 939 where Vietnam meaning "peaceful" or "pacified South" |
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| "The way of the gods". The animistic worship of the forces of nature that is the indigenous religion of Japan |
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| Means "to serve". Japan's army until the fifteenth century. Samurai were responsible for their own equipment and training. |
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| A military official who was the actual ruler of Japan in the emperor's name from the late 1100's until the mid-nineteenth century. |
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| "divine winds" sank a portion of the invading Mongol fleet in Japan in 1281. |
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| A variety of Japanese Buddhism that maintains that only faith is necessary for salvation. |
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| Buddhism that highlights enlightenment by means of meditation |
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| (247 BCE - 223 CE) Dominated the Iranian heartlands of the Achaemenids. Generally tolerant to religion but supported Zoroastrianism |
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| (224-651 CE) Tried to brand Parthians as outsiders. Economy was based on agriculture. There was a large gap between the rich and the poor. |
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| One of the major dualistic religions in ancient Persia, in which good and evil were constantly at odds with one another. |
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| 386-451 was the Patriarch of Constantinople. Taught that the human divine natures of Jesus Christ were distinct and separate. Was condemned as a heretic at the Council of Ephesus. Sasanid kings supported Nestorius. |
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| Founded in 320 CE under Chandragupta. The Guptas usually accepted a defeated ruler as a vassal prince rather than rule his kingdom directly. Gupta empire collapsed about 550. Had great Sarnath sculptures and Kalidasa was the Shakespeare of Sanskirt letters. |
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| Presided over the Gupta "golden age" in 375-415 CE. Turned the kingdom into an empire. |
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| Has many forms and names. One of the five forms of the Primary God |
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| A fertility god. Danced and simultaneously destroyed and created the universe. Has many forms and names. |
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| The "Great Vehicle" for salvation in Buddhism. It emphasized the Buddha's infinite compassion for all beings. |
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| A "Buddha to be" who postpones his own nirvana until he has helped all other beings become enlightened |
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