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| The ways of living built up by a group and passed from generation to generation. Tools, clothing, shelter, beliefs, ideas, institution. Language helps us pass culture on. |
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| Old Stone Age – Hunters and Gatherers – 10,000 B.C.E. - 8,000 B.C.E. |
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| Oasis near the dead sea – First neolithic area with fortifications |
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| New Stone Age – 8,000 – 3,000 |
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| Between Tigris and Euphrates – Modern Iraq |
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| A form of human culture marked by urbanism, technological adaptation, long distance trade, symbolic communication and social complexity. |
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| Earliest civilized era – 3100-1200 B.C.E. - Dawn of weapons and tools |
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| First empirical king - First great conqueror of history - in Mesopotamia - King of the Akkadians |
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| Rose in 2125 BCE - Where Sumerian culture and literature flourished |
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| Writing system written in wet clay tablets. Written with a pointed tool/wedge. Baked or dried. Several thousand characters. |
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| The laws written by Hammurabi - Governed human behavior - was detailed and relevant |
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| The god-kings of ancient Egypt. Means 'great house'. All powerful in ancient Egypt |
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| Complicated writing script of ancient Egypt. Symbols and pictures that made up the written Egyptian language |
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| A book of Egyptian spells and instructions to help a person make it through the dangers of the afterlife |
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| A northern militaristic state - had Iron weapons and horses - mid 2nd century BCE |
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| Capital is Nineva. Cruel people. Largest Empire to 700-600 BCE. Conquered Israel |
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| King of the Chaldeans (New Babylonians) - Captured Jerusalem and rebuilt Babylon |
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| Rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar - Was Located in Babylonia |
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| The first civilization of the Indus valley - Mid 3rd century BCE |
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| The largest city of the Indus valley - City was a representation of prosperity, order and discipline - little is known about them |
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| "Nobles" - Invaders of the indus valley - 1500 BCE - Lighter skinned people |
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| The main source of information on Aryan culture - description of ritual practices performed |
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| A widely distributed language group - most European, Persian and Sanskirt languages |
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| Some of the latest Vedic texts - "Secret and sacred knowledge" - early source of Hindu |
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| Chinese civilization/dynasty - 1000's BCE - Had walled cities - Conquered by the Zhou dynasty |
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| Used for prophecy - made certain inscriptions on an ox shoulder (or turtle shell) and would heat it to cracking - they then interpreted the cracks. |
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| Conquered the Shang dynasty - said it was a 'mandate from heaven' - 1000 BCE - 20 million, the largest population at that time. |
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| This is how the Zhou dynasty was able to rule after invading the Shang dynasty. They said their rule was a... |
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| Part of North America from central Mexico to Central America |
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| The earliest Mesoamerican civilization - 1500 BCE |
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| Worlds longest mountain range - rivers that flowed from them made agriculture possible |
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| Born 551 BC China, teacher and a scholar. His sayings were in the analects |
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| The compilations of Confucius' sayings and wisdom - put together after his death |
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| Official philosophy of China under the Han Dynasty - Confucius' sayings in the analects |
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| A Chinese belief that wisdom lies in becoming one with Dao (creative principal of the universe) |
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| Chinese school of thought - believed that a strong state made a good society |
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| Text dealing with the ritual applications of the Vedas. 1000-800 BC |
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| Around in 500 BC. Believed in a relationship between self and Brahman. By doing good things you can lift yourself from the cycle of life. |
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| The piece of ultimate reality in oneself |
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| The endless cycle of existence - birth, death, rebirth |
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| Good deeds bring good results, bad deeds bring bad results (Indian Belief) |
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| Moral action that would lead to a better birth |
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| Indian religious community that teaches compassion for all beings |
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| Original name of Buddha, 566 BC - Achieved status from yogic meditation |
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| The middle path (compassion with the elimination of selfish desires), practical guild of ethical conduct |
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| belief in One God - this belief came about first with Abraham |
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| Solemn and formal pledge between two or more parties usually to perform specific actions |
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| The redeemer who is coming to establish the Kingdom of God on earth |
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| First Greek philosopher in 624 BC |
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| Professional Greek teachers in 5th century who were paid to teach rhetoric, dialect and argumentation |
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| Political community created for philosophical conduct - Greek city-state, all citizens from a common ancestor |
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| Committed to the search of truth and for the knowledge about human affairs - Cross examined fellow Grecians. Distrusted Democracy |
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| A disciple of Socrates who wrote down what he had said (without his documentation we would have very little of Socrates' teachings) Wanted to reform the Polis |
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| A pupil of Plato. Balanced idealism and practicality. Taught Alexander the Great. Studies the sciences as well as theology. |
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| Bronze age civilization in Crete - third and second millennium - precursor to Greece |
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| Bronze Age civilization on mainland Greece centered at Mycenae |
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| Epic Poet - Orator of the Iliad and the Odyssey |
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| Basic unit of Greek warfare - 8 ranks deep, shield to shield - very effective. |
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| A monarch who gained power in an unorthodox way - one man ruled (sometimes he was loved by the people, sometimes he was not) |
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| Father of the gods - God of sky and thunder |
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| Greek city-state that was focused on war. Training began at the age of 7 and you were in the army until the age of 60 |
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| First democratic Greek city-state. Citizenship was very selective, but life was good if you were a citizen. Focused on theology, architecture, arts, etc. |
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| Greeks fought Persia - They won a decisive battle at the Battle of Marathon - c. 500 BCE |
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| Alliance of Greek states under leadership of Athens. Meant to defend against the Persians. |
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| Sparta (and their allies) against Athens (and their allies) - War to dominate Greece - 465 to 404 - Athens lost (all of Greece was weakened) |
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| "Father of History" - Greek Historian |
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| Greek Historian - Wrote 'The Peloponnesian Wars'. |
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| 300-100. Spreading the Greek culture to Egypt and Asia (this was done by the conqueror - Alexander the Great) |
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| A Macedonian - The Son of Phillip - A great conqueror who died at a young age. |
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| Believed the highest good was happiness. They find this through reason - there is no afterlife |
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| Philosophical school under Zeno. Humans can be happy only when in harmony with nature. |
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| A city in Egypt. Part of Alexander's conquest. |
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| The vast expanse of southwest Asia - boundaries; Caspian Sea, Indus valley, Arabian Sea, Tigris-Euphrates basin |
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| Contrlled western Iran 600 BCE - Predecessors to the Kurds |
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| quasi-monotheistic Iranian religion. Preached moral reform and only worshiped Ahura Mazda - the Wise Lord |
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| The Wise Lord - Worshiped by the Zoroastrianism |
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| A people under Cyrus the Great who joined Mesopotamia and the Iranian plateau in 539 BCE - Was stable for over 2 centuries |
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| Leader of Achaemenids. Grandson of Cyrus I. Defeated Babylonians, Medians, etc. - Joined Mesopotamia and the Iranian Plateau |
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| Governors of provinces in the Persian Empire |
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| The first true Indian empire under Chandragupta Maurya. Centralized, standardized and efficient government. 321-185 BCE |
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| Third Mauryan Leader - Considered a model ruler - Converted to Buddhism after Kalinga war - His rock inscriptions are the oldest deciphered Indian writings |
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| Religion in India - Consolidation of the caste system - dominance of theistic devotionalism |
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| After Alexander the Great died - Seleucus (one of the generals) ruled most of the former Achaemenid realm - 312-246 BCE |
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| Nomadic tribespeople who lived in Eurasian plains - traded and invaded more settled cultures |
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| Settled area south of the Aral Sea and Oxus - Empire stretched across the Iranian plateau from Mesopotamia to Arachosia |
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| An area of open woodlands and grassy plains |
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| An area of steppe (extensive plain without trees) and semi-desert that borders the Sahara |
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| The world's largest desert. Extends across Africa from the Atlantic to eastern Sudan. Historically, the Sahara has hindered contact between the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa |
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| The broad band of sahel and savanna that crosses the African continent south of the Sahara |
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| A west African, Iron Age culture renowned for its artistry |
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| An ancient Nubian kingdom that in some periods dominated, and in others was dominated by pharaonic Egypt. |
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| The capital city of the ancient Napatan empire, which at one time rivaled Aksum |
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| A powerful Christianized trading state in the Ethiopian highlands |
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| Adhering to the belief in the unitary nature of Christ (Christ is God not man) - this is opposing the orthodox view that Christ has two natures: human and divine) |
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| Sleeping sickness, a parasitic disease that is transmitted by the tsetse fly. If untreated, it is fatal both to humans and animals |
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| Located between the north bends of the Senegal and Niger. Depended on gold for Saharan trade. Famous for control of gold - 400-600 CE |
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| There are 400 different languages that are in the Bantu language group. How the Bantu people imposed their language on the people around them is unexplained. The original Bantu speakers were fishermen, hunters, goat herders and cereal cultivators. |
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| A minor language in southern Africa. The two main groups that speak this language are the Khoikhoi and the San. These peoples flourished until they encountered the Dutch colonists in the mid-seventeenth century |
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| Were and are cattle pastoralists who are proud of their separate language, way of life and cultural traditions. |
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