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one of the things you need to have happen first before a revolution; gives you the ability to feed more people which results in getting more people and they move into the cities-urbanization
new devices and techniques in crop rotation designed to increase agricultural yields |
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| common land turned over to large fenced-in tracts managed by commercially minded owners seeking to sell agricultural surpluses at market |
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| provides raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods; capital and banking and credit systems, underwrite new enterprises and technological innovation |
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| early phases of industrialization included: |
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| iron, coal, steam, textiles |
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| products of the british industry |
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| cotton and wool textiles, pottery, iron machinery, steam engines, firearms, cutlery and pots/pans |
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| one of the things you need to have happen first before a revolution- to become industrial you need a lot of money and a big navy with ships; Britain had this therefore had all of the advantages |
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| one of the things you need to have happen first before a revolution; cotton needed to make clothing; next big and most important invention of all: steam engines and railroads |
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| most important battle every fought in history involving Napoleon. he was outnumbered and was facing the austrians and russians. they surrendered. it was a decisive battle |
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| type of battle Austerlitz was. it meant that the win was so cool that every general since had been trying to recreate it. It was an illusion though; it only included chasing after the enemy until they surrendered |
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| the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the UK during the napoleonic wars. it was a large scale embargo against british trade. |
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| system of battle Napoleon couldnt figure out; took his army to spain to fight the spainards in what was called the Peninsula war. |
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| napoleon took 600,000 men to Russia; he planned to fight like in Austerlitz again; It was too cold in Russia so they had to leave; out of 600,000 men, only 15,000 survived |
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| the battle of lipzig (battle of nations) |
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| napoleon was defeated in this battle; he surrendered and was taken prisoner. he was exiled to the islands of elba. |
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| Napoleon's defeat. he was captured and exiled again to the island of St. helena, where he died in captivity. |
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| wrote a book called the summary of the art of war. He studied napoleons wars and came up w/ the idea that warface is science. he set up 10 steps to achieve decisive battle; this made war simple. he was the recipe artist for warfare |
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| military philosopher who wrote a book called On war. He died while writing it and didnt finish it. It doesnt tell you how to win a war but tells you that if you use violence to fight war, you already lost it. he said war is a balance between three things: 1) policy; what your country hopes to achieve in war. 2) chance- the goals and ability to achieve those goals must be in balance 3) passion- inflaming the passion of the people and the people standing behind the war |
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| biggest invention of part 2 of the indus rev. it was invented by thomas edison |
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| german that invented the internal combustion engine; it ran on gasoline |
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| german that invented the diesel engine. these were more productive. |
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| adults and children that worked 7 days a week for 16-18 hrs a day for little pay. they had no hope and no money |
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| 1st repsonse regarding what to do with the working class. it blamed the problems on the machines and technology so they tried to destroy them |
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| collective bargaining (action) |
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| group of people that worked in the coal mines (known as unions); they went to the boss and told him they werent going down in the coal mines for 16 hrs a day; if the boss didnt comply they would go on strikes |
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| workers across the entire country stopped working- this was bad bc the companies werent making products or money |
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| "old guard" wealthy people of this time that ran everyhting; they hated the indus rev and saw it and the working class as a threat |
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| they loved constitutions, rights, and free-economy. they ran the indus rev. they were the working class' enemy |
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| prominent liberal thinker during the I.R.- he developed the iron law of wages which said to pay workers barely enough to survive because if you pay them more the problems will get worse |
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| prominent liberal thinker during the I.R.- came up with Malthusian economics; said that the pop. of earth was too large for earth to be able to feed it and this lead to famine and starvation |
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| prominent liberal thinker during the I.R.- basically said to hell with other liberal thinkers; he wanted to give workers some of their demands but not enough to change anything but enough to stop them from revolting |
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2nd response to the I.R.
government ownerships of the means of production; govt controlled economy; this didnt work |
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| led by robert owen; he said that factories would be better if workers were paid enough to be happy. this didnt work |
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| socialist leaders seek democracy as their chief weapon; socialists would be elected to power and would make slow changes- this worked |
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| 3rd response to the I.R.- it was an idea by carl marx. he said that an educated, urban working class will rise up spontaneously and overthrow their rulers. He said that when the lower class workers rose up, all hell would break loose |
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| based his thinking on malthus and mill. he said the only way people on the bottom are going to get a break is if they revolt. he saw industrialization as the end stage because industr. gave you a bunch of reasonably smart workers who would one day realize the have the power. |
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| another reaction to the industrial revolution; believes in no govt, period. they are essentially the terrorists of this period. |
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| another reaction to the indus rev. this was a religious reaction; believed in going outside the church and taking faith into the streets. this was a religious awakening for many people who had never been religious before |
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| important during the rev; developed the germ theory of disease, said that disease is caused by bacteria/virus. he invented modern medicine |
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| british naturalist who was important during the revolution; he published a book- On the origin of species; main idea from this book was the theory of revolution- says species slowly change over time. He came up with the process of natural selection- survival of the fittest. this meant that the fittest critters survive, populate, and pass on their characteristics; the unfit dont survive. |
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| other aspect of darwinism; if evolution exists then this has to exist too. |
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| other aspect of darwinism; says that ethnic groups and nations have an ongoing competition to survive. one race thinks they are supreme and in most extreme circumstances aims to destroy all other races. this is called genocide |
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| prime minister in britain during the reform period; he ran parliament. |
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| lord grey came up with this; it redistricted the vote. |
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| prime minister in 1860; he passed the 2nd reform act which gave the working class the right to vote |
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| brought about the first law regarding public schools which made schools state-funded and brought socialized education |
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| british was forcing protestantism on ireland; ireland wanted to rule themselves. this was called..... |
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| irishman that demanded home rule for Ireland. |
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| in france there were two classes of people- the middle and working class and neither had a say in anything. In 1848 the paris mob goes out in the streets again and the king runs away and france becomes a republic with no king for the 2nd time. the middle/working class were now both fighting for control; middle class wanted a const. and free economy that the govt doesnt touch. the working class wanted socialism and a govt-run economy. |
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| start of fighting in france in june 1848. the lower class was led by louis blanc; the middle class led by napoleon. lower class fought the middle class; working class took horrific losses. the middle class took over; napoleon was elected president. he proclaimed himself to be emperor. followed the same pattern of the first french rev |
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| led the lower class in the june days |
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| led the middle class in the june days |
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| king of prussia that lived in berlin where a mob rose up; he ran away and the mob took control |
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| frankfurt convention of 1848 |
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| its job was to unify germany; they made it like america with a constitution, congress, etc. this didnt work though- the liberals and working class couldnt agree on a const and the kings were taking power back |
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| grandson of fredrick william. he was the king; his chief advisor was bismarck. his ONE goal was to unify germany and hed do anything to achieve it |
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| advisor to king william; his one goal was to unify germany and hed do anything to achieve it |
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| real politik (realism in politics) |
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| what bismarck called his plan; he hated liberalism; he stood for power of the king only. he realized that unifying germany could only be done through war and the two countries he must fight were russia and france |
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| first war in 1864; the German states of Schleswig and Holstein bordered it. the war was over quickly; Prussia took over Schleswig and Austria took over Holstein. Bismarck did this to give himself the ability to start war #2 |
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| Prussia vs. Austria in 1866 |
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| Austria was defeated in this battle; afterwards they became Bismarck's ally |
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| Leopold Von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen |
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| the Spanish wanted him as their new king; he was cousin to the king of Prussia. if he became king of spain, france would attack. he turned down the kingship |
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| a letter William III wrote to Bismarck about his talk with Napoleon; it was a happy letter but Bismarck edited it to make it look like a confrontation and published it in Paris; he wanted to cause a war |
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| Prussian army invaded France; entire French army was destroyed |
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| the "meth head" area of Europe; also known as the Ottoman empire (modern day turkey). Russia and Austria were fighting over it. |
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| alliance between russia and france; it was equal in size to the dual alliance; they both wanted to add britain |
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| alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy. it was equal in size to the dual alliance; they both wanted to add britain |
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| secret alliance bismarck signed with Russia |
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| took place in modern day south africa; 1898- war between britain and diamond miners. it took 4 years; britain almost lost twice. to win, they had to put all the dutch people in concentration camps |
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| the influence of sea power on history |
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| book by Alfred mayhan; william read it and decided to build a huge navy |
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| an agreement between Britain and France; it wasn't an alliance though |
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| the French went to take over Morocco, Africa; the germans had no interest in it but threatened war over it. This was an effect of this...Europe has a conference to solve the issue; every country but austria sided with france |
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| archduke francis ferdinand |
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| he wanted to make a good will tour of bosnia; his advisors told him they'd kill him. He was assassinated june 23, 1914. Europe went nuts after this and attacked serbia |
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| assassinated archduke francis ferdinand in june 1914 |
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| the german plan; it said they had six weeks to defeat france while they waited for russia to get ready. August 1, 1914- germany invades france; this was the start of WWI |
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| Defense of the Realm Act (DORA) |
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| allowed for wartime socialism or the govt. taking control of everything. Britain went from being a free-market economy to socialist; this was a poorly done change |
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| concept that man is good and perfectable; at the beginning of WWI many people believed this |
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| WWI gave birth to it; people started to look at the world in a darker, less perfectable way. |
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| wrote a book about modernism called the heart of darkness |
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| britain sent him to talk to the arabs to get them on their side; they promised the arabs the middle east after the war |
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| feeling among the jews to go back and reclaim the holy land |
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| 1917- in it, Britain promised the middle east to the jews. Problem with this was that they had already promised this land to the arabs |
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| this divided the middle east between france and britain. |
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| britain sets up 3 states here and intended for them to be at war w/ each other |
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| poet that volunteered to go to war in 1914. he was happy to be in the war |
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| one of the big weapons of WWI. they had a lot of fire power and were lethal |
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| one of the big weapons of WWI. these shot 20 miles, shot huge shells that would leave craters where ever they landed. they would explode in the air and drop shrapnel |
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| 8 feet deep, were used for soldiers to lay low in. 3 ft belts of barbwire were laid out in front of them to keep the enemy from getting to them |
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| shooting til someone gives up; this is how they would win wars |
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