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| formerly East Pakistan; after a civil war became independent in 1972. |
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| Baharatya Janata Party (BIP): |
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| Hindu communalist party winning power in India in 1997. |
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| eastern Nigerian region inhabited mostly by the Ibo people; in 1967 attempted unsuccessfully to secede from Nigeria; defeated and reintegrated in 1970. |
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| military dictator of Iraq; fought a 10-year war with Iran; invaded Kuwait in 1990; defeated by an American-led coalition in the Gulf War of 1991. |
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| Indira Gandhi, Corazon Aquino, and Benazir Bhutto: |
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| women who became leaders of new nations; usually connected to previously powerful men. |
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| food or industrial crops with a high demand in industrialized economies; their prices tend to fluctuate widely. |
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| continued dominance of new nations by their former rulers. |
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| agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations. |
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| Ghanian leader at independence; his efforts at reform ended with the creation of dictatorial rule. |
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| member of the Free Officers Movement that seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful. |
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| Egyptian religious and nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; became an example for later fundamentalist movements in the Islamic world. |
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| successor of Nasser as Egypt's ruler; dismantled Nasser's costly and failed programs; signed peace with Israel in 1973. |
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| first leader of independent India; committed to programs of social reform, economic development, and preservation of civil liberties. |
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| religious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences. |
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| Afrikaner policy of racial segregation in South Africa designed to create full economic, social, and political exploitation of African majority. |
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| areas in South Africa for residence of "tribal" African peoples; overpopulated and poverty-stricken. |
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| African National Congress (ANC): |
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| South African political organization founded in 1912 to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections. |
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| ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994. |
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