Term
|
Definition
| nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| community of the faithful within Islam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that
fragmented Ali's party. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-Arab converts to Islam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "the people of the book", Jews, Christians;, later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chief administrative official under the Abbasids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids. |
|
|
