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| founded Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires. |
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| Persian religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; a last judgment decided the eternal fate of each person. |
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| culture derived from the Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 B.C.E. |
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| culture associated with the spread of Greek influence and intermixture with other cultures as a result of Macedonian conquests. |
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| Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped Greek mythology. |
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| city-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. |
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| Athenian reformer of the 6h century; established laws that eased the debt burden of farmers; forbade enslavement for debt. |
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| Athenian philosopher of late 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for "corrupting" minds of Athenian young. |
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| literally rule of the people, in Athens meaning free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives. |
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| Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian empire. |
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| one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations. |
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| person representing the god Apollo; received cryptic messages from the god that had predictive value if the seeker could correctly interpret the communication. |
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| 5th century B.C.E wars between the Persian empire and Greek city-states; Greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define identity. |
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| alliance formed by Athens with other city-states after Persian wars; later taken over by Athens and became Athenian empire. |
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| war from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece; the Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece. |
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| kingdom of northern Greece; originally loosely organized under kings; became centralized under Philip II; conquered Greek city-states. |
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| ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece. |
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| son and successor of Philip II; conquered Persian empire and advanced to borders of India; attempted to combine Greek and Persian culture. |
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| a regional dynasty after the death of Alexander; ruled in Egypt. |
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| a regional dynasty after the death of Alexander; ruled in Persia. |
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| a regional dynasty after the death of Alexander; ruled in Macedon and Greece. |
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| Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; taught that knowledge was based upon observation of phenomena in material world. |
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| Hellenistic philosophers; they emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery. |
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| Greek philosopher; knowledge based upon consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophy ruled. |
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| Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex. |
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| Greek writer of comedies: author of the Frogs. |
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| Doric, Ionic, Corinthian: |
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| three distinct styles of Hellenic architecture; listed in order of increasing ornate quality. |
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| Alexandria: great city founded in Egypt by Alexander; site of Mediterranean world's greatest library; great intellectual center. |
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| helots: conquered indigenous population of Sparta; provided agricultural labor for Spartan landowners; only semi-free; largest part of the population. |
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