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| dynasty (221-207 B.C.E.) founded at the end of the Warring States period. |
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| first emperor of China; founder of Qin dynasty. |
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| time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E. |
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| major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century B.C.E.; sayings collected in Analects; philosophy based on the need for restoration of social order through the role of superior men. |
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| major follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects. |
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| follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were inherently lazy and evil and required an authoritarian government. |
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| Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature. |
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| philosophy associated with Laozi; individual should seek alignment with Dao or cosmic force. |
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| Chinese school of political philosophy; stressed the need for the absolute power of the emperor enforced through strict application of laws. |
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| Chinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; began during the reign of Shi Huangdi. |
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| author of The Art of War; argued that war was an extension of statecraft and should be fought according to scientific principles. |
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| founder of the Han dynasty in 202 B.C.E. |
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| dynasty succeeding the Qin ruled from 202 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. |
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| Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local landholding aristocracy with the office-holding shi. |
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| Chinese peasant organizations; provided members financial support during hard times and physical protection during disputes with local aristocracy. |
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| imperial precinct within Chinese capital cities; only imperial family, advisors, and household were permitted to enter. |
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| member of a powerful family related to the Han emperors through marriage; temporarily overthrew the Han between 9 and 23 C.E. |
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| castrated males used within households of Chinese emperors, usually to guard his concubines; became a political counterbalance to powerful marital relatives during later Han rule. |
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