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| literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris Euphrates river valleys. |
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| a technological advance in pottery making; invented ca. 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher quality ceramic pottery product. |
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| people who migrated into Mesopotamia ca. 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within region; organized area into city states. |
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| a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. |
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| a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based king. |
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| the first literary epic; written down ca. 2000 B.C.E.; included story of the Great Flood. |
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| massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections. |
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| a religious outlook that recognizes gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions. |
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| ruler of city state of Akkad; established the first empire in Mesopotamian civilization ca. 2400 B.C.E. |
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| unified all of Mesopotamia ca. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion ca. 1600 B.C.E. |
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| the most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law. |
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| Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom; attempted to establish monotheistic religion replacing the traditional Egyptian pantheon of gods. |
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| monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. |
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| act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife. |
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| form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiforrn. |
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| societies in which women defer to men; societies run by men and based upon the assumption that men naturally directed political, economic, and cultural life. |
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| African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile ca. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. |
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| the single god of the Hebrews; constructed a covenant with Jews as his chosen people. |
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| the exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization. |
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| a civilization that developed on Crete ca. 1600 B.C.E.; capital at the palace complex of Knossos. |
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| the 1st civilization to emerge on the Greek mainland; destroyed ca. 1000 B.C.E. |
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| seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. |
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| an Indo European people who entered Mesopotamia ca. 1750 B.C.E.; destroyed the Babylonian Empire; swept away ca. 1200 B.C.E. architecture, literary traditions, technological development, status of women. |
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