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| The etruscan civilization developed around 750/700 BC in what modern-day country? |
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| the bronze age witnessed pronounced inequality in social status and position. in northern european society, we can see status and gender differences in |
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| women, in prehistoric near east, could hold a wide range of occupations at different levels. for example, during Ur III, women held various positions within the textile industry; however, in comparison with men, the main difference between the genders seems to be in the..... |
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| The arrival of the bell beaker into different parts of Europe was also associated with the introduction of> |
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| which of the following is not a major category of megaliths |
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| The linearbanderkeramik (LBK) is an archaeological culture group, distinguished on the basis of |
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| Jericho is a biblical city and a famous archaeological site with evidence of an early fortified town as well as what other unusual find, suggestive of an ancestor cult? |
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| In Etruscan art, women are ________ in drinking and feasting scenes |
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| what is the dominant domestic structure for the british iron age |
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| the european continental iron age is often divided into what two periods? |
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| What is meant by deconstructing gender |
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| gender not looked at as a thing, but as a set of practices, while not ignoring other aspects of identity. |
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| a way to organize society within a different systems, within the same society |
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| Who is Boudicca and why do we have different versions of this historical figure? |
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| Boudicca was a wife of a king figure during the iron age, after her husband died she started a war with the Romans after they took over. She is written about differently because they were written by men on the Roman side. |
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| Who is Hatsheput? how can we see gender and power manipulated through artistic representations of her? |
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| She was a pharaoh of Egypt. SHe was represented differently on art, in some works she is a woman in feminine clothing in others she is a man with masculine features? |
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| The osteological analysis from Syria show that many female skeletons suffereed from what? based on evidence, what does this suggest about the division of labor during the Epipaleolithic and early neolithic? |
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| The bones showed bruising on the top of the foot and arthritis in big toe. this shows they spent a lot of time kneeling for grinding of grains. Both sexes had strenuous work loads. |
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| Explain the differences in the way men and women are represented on cylinder seals from the near east. |
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| Men are represented with animals and weapons, while women are represented in servitude positions and banquet scenes. |
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| Throughout the neolithic, what is observed pattern in the arrtistic representations of men adn women depicted in ritual performance and feasting scenes in the Near East? |
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| Women are depicted in ritual performance and feasting scenes in servitude roles. Females appear more frequently in earlier depictions and decrease with time, while males does the opposite. |
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| Briefly describe the LBK culture |
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| were named after their linear lined pottery and longhouses. Some say they are from southwest Asia, records show waves of immigrants migrating into Europe. Alternative view- spread through agriculture, people need land to create farms. First Neolithic farmers in Europe. |
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| What did the strontium isotopic analysis from three early LBK sites in southwest Germany reveal about gender and local/ non local populations |
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| Found that in all cemeteries there were a lot of non local women, and those who were non local were buried differently than the locals. The locals faced east. Non locals were not buried with shoe lace (what local were buried with). Some of the non locals were foragers that frequented the upper area. Female non locals were marrying with local, patrillocality (lives with males family after marriage). |
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| What does the burial context from the megalithic tombs suggest about gender and the community? |
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| No gender difference to burial, could show egalitarian or gender roles. Men and women are just placed in there. |
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| What did Grave 99 and 98, from the corded ware culture in Eulau, reveal about gender and kinship relationships? |
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| Grave 99 showed proof of kinship being Nuclear family, father and mother and two offspring. Grave 98 Top two bodies are siblings, bottom bodies is not their mother. Child at bottom could not pull any dna from the body. Speculation of female adult being related in father side, or maternal role. 9 was old enough to be an adult in this culture since buried with stone axe. Physical closeness could represent kinship. Face to face relationship show childhood. The arrangements represent social in this society. |
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| After 480/450 BC, there is a rise in female elite graves in central Europe. Briefly explain what is thought to have caused this change in the burial record. |
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| Class and rank superceded gender. Similar to men elite women were buried with chariots. |
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| What did settlement evidence from Black Patch, in east sussex reveal about gender and space. |
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| Briefly explain the burial evidence from east Yorkshire and how it relates to gender and status. |
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| Buried with brooch, clay pot, or sheep left humerus. Men: pot and sheep placed at feet. Women: placed near head or hands. Speculation: Where placed represent different roles, women servers (providers) while men were acceptors. All men and women of high status were buried with chariots. The elite were buried with elaborate grave goods such as weapons, or ordaments. Non elites are buried with common goods such as clay, or brooch. Burial goods show that rank superceded gender. |
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| The laws of Aethelbert and wihtred both of kent; suggest what about women's position in this society. |
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women were on equal footing with men. Most of the laws show women being able to own property and being accountable for themselves. - Laws of Aethelbert- Women have rights such as; pay dowry to women and decided how to use it, individual ownership.
- Laws of Wihtred- Not financially responsible of husband breaking the law if did not know about it, if did know would have to give up money/property. |
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| Which element (bone) is the most accurate for determining the sex of an adult? |
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| The term is used to describe environmental conditions where oxygen is not present and where decay of organic material is partially or completely stopped. |
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| ______ is the removal of the flesh. either by natural decomposition or defleshing. |
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| What term describes the process in which human soft tissue has preserved whether by intention or accidental means? |
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| What term describes the processes that operate on organic remains after death to generate the archaeleolical skeletal deposit? |
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| The term describes the bones of the trunk and head |
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| the term describes an environmental state requiring or using free oxygen in the air and which therefore, causes decay in organic structures. |
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| which of the following is not one of the six groups of skeletal remains? |
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| This term describes the bones of the appendages i.e. arms and legs |
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| List four factors that affect the preservation of skeletal remains? |
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| depth of burial, water, anaerobic or aerobic, and scavengers. |
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| What is funerary archaeology? |
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| the burial process whether past or present |
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A perpetuating collective social entity which transcends individuals or even individual genealogies
Encompasses not only people but also land, tangible and intangible resources
Embodied by material culture |
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| describes the body as the center of all interactions. it describe how the body is, how we express, interact, and live. |
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| What does dress communicate? |
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| It communicates nonverbally identity of the group |
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| Briefly state how space can reflect gender. |
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Definition
| people decorate rooms that interest and identify them. like the a man-cave, a room that is decorated a male would like with a tv and sports. |
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| state how household studies intersect with the archaeological study of gender. |
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| it is a form of social archaeology when looking at household it can show the gender roles in the home which reflects the society. |
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| Describe how age groups and gender are marked in Early Anglo-Saxon dress and grave good assmeblages. |
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| State who the scythians are and what the burial evidence from Kurgan 13 and 16 suggests about women's status. |
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Definition
| They were female Amazon/warriors in Eurasia. they were buried with weapons which was interpreted as them being warriors. |
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| In respect to the pueblos of the american southwest, briefly describe how hunting and depictions of the Mother of Game Animals relate to a masculine- gendered landscape. |
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Definition
| they relate due to social and cultural attributes in archaeology.MASCULINE gendered landscape Hunting was only done by males. |
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| Explain two differences b/t male and female style of dress as depicticed in Minoan art. |
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Definition
| Men wore loin cloths, while women wore robes or skirt. Women exposed their breasts in their clothing styles to look more regal or shaman like. |
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| Describe how prehistorians may be able to determine the sex of those who created hand stencils during hte european upper paleolithic> |
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| Hands are sexually dimorphic, so they looked at digit ratio to figure out gender. |
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| What is the mother goddess debate and briefly explain your position on that topic. |
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| When studying the venus figurines some scholars say this is proof the society was matrilineal and was a portrait of a god they worshipped. Other scholars say this was their ideal beauty, as there is little/no proof of goddess. I agree with the beauty outlook. there is no other proof to reinforce that theory. the figurines were different in body types so more likely it is beauty or pregnancy figurines. |
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| What theoretical approach emphasizes interpretations that stress human actions are guided by beliefs and symbolic concepts |
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| _____ refers to what knowledge is, and how it is justified |
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| what theoretical approach attempts to provide more general explanations, sometimes using law-like formations, and framing hypotheses and testing deductions from these against the data? an approach that pulls heavily from systems theory and middle range theory |
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| what term describes the overarching perspective, a broad view that underlies a scientific discipline |
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| what theoretical approach emphasizes the specific, avoids universal generalizations of human behavior, and often stresses the role of the individual |
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| _____ describes the marked differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breasts and genitals |
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| ____ argues that change within society is a result of contradictions arising between the forces of production and the relations of production, and is based on the works of friedrich Engels and Karl Marx |
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| what term refers to defining societies into distinct social groupings? |
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| ____ is a body of ideas for translating contemporary observations about the archaeological record into inferences about past social dynamics |
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| ____ describes the use of field observations in the ethnographic present gathered by archaeologists addressing particular questions posed by archaeological data |
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| List five resources for engendering the past |
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| burial patterns,spatial analysis, artifacts, written documents, human remains, |
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| list three commonest grave goods |
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| clothing, containers, and food |
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| what is gender archaeology |
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| looking at the past material culture and deciding what was used by what gender. Looking at how sex/gender was divided and differed |
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| why people do things, the reason behind actions. |
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| Third gender, when someone leaves child age they are able to change/ decide what gender they are. |
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| briefly state how ethnographic analogy is used in archaeological interpretation |
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| It is used to learn more about the past. if two things are similar in cultures that shows there may be other similarities. |
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| state the differences of the processual and post- processual approaches to gender studies. |
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Definition
| processual is more general and doesn't just focus on gender. post-processual focuses on focuses on the individual and what the male/female did. |
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| explain how archaeology was guilty of being androcentric? |
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Definition
| archaeology had male-centric bias. many males pushed their views of male and female onto the material culture they found. |
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| State how material culture can reflect gender. |
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Definition
| material can be seen as a symbol since there were actions used on objects. this reflects on gender roles in the society based on what was used. |
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| According to the case study of grave goods and the royal tombs from the kingdom of silla, what did the evidence from tomb 98 suggest about gender and status? |
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Definition
| women and men could have the same status. there was not a difference to burial clothing as they wore the same jewelry. the only difference was if there was a sword or not, which made it a gender marker. |
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| according to the case study focusing on human representations on Mimbres' decorative black-on-white pottery, how were contrary-gendered features identified? |
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Definition
| the contrary-gendered figures were shown to have male and female traits. |
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| describe on gender pattern identified at the black dog burial site |
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| there was a difference in burial patterns for juveniles and adults, so it was based on division of labor and rank. |
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