Term
| The endocrine system places ______ in systems that control the body |
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Definition
| Second; nervous system is the fast-control system |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messengers that are released into the blood |
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Term
| Hormones control several major processes such as: |
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Definition
| Reproduction, Growth and development, mobilization of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis, and the regulation of metabolism |
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Term
| Hormones are produced by: |
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Definition
| Specialized cells that secrete them into extracellular fluids |
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Term
| Blood transfers hormones to ______ and these regulate _______ |
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Definition
| target sites; the activity of other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs |
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Term
| Hormones are classified chemically as: |
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Definition
| Amino acid-based, Steroid, or Prostaglandins |
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Term
| Amino acid-based hormones include: |
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Definition
| Proteins, peptides, and amines |
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Term
| Steroid hormones are made from |
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Definition
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Term
| Prostaglandins hormones are made from: |
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Definition
| Highly active lipids that act as local hormones |
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Term
| Hormones on target cells or organs |
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Definition
| Hormones that affect only certain tissues or organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific protein receptors. These fit together like 2 pieces of a puzzle |
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Term
| What does hormone binding do? |
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Definition
| Alters the cellular activity |
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Term
| A hormone's relationship to its target cells resembles: |
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Definition
| That of an enzyme to its substrate. |
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Term
| Typically, hormones have one or more of the following effects: |
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Definition
Change plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
Activate or inactivate enzymes
Stimulate or inhibit cell division
Promote or inhibit secretion of a product
Turn on or off transcription or certain genes |
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Term
| Hormones act by 2 mechanisms |
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Definition
| Direct gene activation, and second-messenger system |
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Term
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Definition
| Used by steroid hormones and thyroid hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| Used by protein and peptide hormones |
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Term
| Steroid hormones diffuse through what? |
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Definition
| The plasma membrane of target cells |
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Term
| What does the hormone do as soon as it enters the cell? |
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Definition
| It goes to and enters the nucleus |
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Term
| Once inside the nucleus of a cell, the hormone does what? |
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Definition
| It binds to a specific protein within the nucleus |
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Term
| Hormone-receptor complex binds to: |
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Definition
| Specific sites on the cell's DNA |
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Term
| What must happen to transcribe messenger RNA? |
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Definition
| Specific genes must be activated. after which new proteins are synthesized |
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Term
| 2nd messenger system: Hormone binds to a ____________ and then the activated receptor sets off a series of reactions that __________ |
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Definition
| membrane receptor; activates an enzyme |
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Term
| 2nd messenger system: Enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule (known as ________________). This also oversees additional intracellular changes to promote __________ |
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Definition
| Such as cyclic AMP or cAMP; a specific response in the target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The way hormone levels in the blood are maintained |
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Term
| A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood will trigger: |
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Definition
| The release of more hormone |
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Term
| Hormone release stops once: |
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Definition
| An appropriate level in the blood is reached |
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Term
| Hormonal, humoral, and neural |
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Definition
| The 3 major categories of stimuli that activate endocrine glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common category of stimulus; endocrine organs are activated by other hormones; some examples include the hormones of the hypothalamus which stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete its hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release; Humoral indicates various body fluids, such as blood and bile; Some examples include 1) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels or 2) insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release; most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system; examples include sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| The major Endocrine organs are: |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, Thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, Adrenal glands, the pancreas, and the Gonads (testes and ovaries) |
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Term
| Glands that have purely endocrine functions are |
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and parathyroids |
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Term
| Endocrine glands are ______ glands. Hormones are released into ________ |
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Definition
| Ductless; blood or lymphs |
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Term
| Glands that are considered mixed glands have what functions? |
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Definition
| Endocrine and exocrine function (pancreas or gonads) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pea-shaped gland that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain; Protected by the sell turcica of the sphenoid bone; has 2 functional lobes (anterior pituitary (glandular tissue) and posterior (nervous tissue)); often called the "master endocrine gland" |
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Term
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Definition
| a saddle-shaped depression in the body of the sphenoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Does not make the hormones it releases; Stores hormones made by the hypothalamus |
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Term
| 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland: |
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Definition
| Oxytocin, and Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates contractions of the uterus during uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding; Causes milk ejection (let-down reflex) in a breastfeeding woman |
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Term
| What do antidiuretic hormone do? |
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Definition
| Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys; urine volume decreases, blood pressure increases; In large amounts, causes constriction of arterioles, leading to increased blood pressure (the reason why ADH is known as a vasopressin), Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulate the function in endocrine glands |
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Term
| The 6 anterior hormones are divided into 2 types which are |
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Definition
| 2 which affect non-endocrine targets and 4 which do affect endocrine targets |
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Term
| 2 hormones that affect non-endocrine targets |
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Definition
| Growth hormone and Prolactin |
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Term
| The 4 tropic hormones are |
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Definition
| Follicle-stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Thyrotropic hormone, and Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Term
| All anterior pituitary hormones have these properties: |
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Definition
| They are proteins (or peptides); Act through second-messenger systems are regulated by hormonal stimuli; are regulated mostly by negative feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| General metabolic hormone; Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones; Plays a role in determining final body size; causes amino acids to be built into proteins; Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth; function in males is unknown |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads with the follicle-stimulating hormone and the luteinizing hormone |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| Stimulates follicle development in ovaries; Stimulates sperm development in testes |
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Term
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Definition
| Triggers ovulation of an egg in female production in males; Stimulates testosterone |
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Term
| Thyrotropic hormone (TH) also called Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain; Secretes melatonin |
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Term
| What connection to the body does melatonin play? |
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Definition
| Believed to trigger the body's sleep/wake cycle; also thought to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans and inhibit the reproduction system until maturity occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Found at the base of the throat, inferior to the Adam's apple; consists of 2 lobes and a connecting isthmus; Follicles are hollow structures that store colloidal material; Produces Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin |
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Term
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Definition
| Major metabolic hormone; controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy; Needed for tissue growth and development; Composed of 2 active iodine-containing hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by thyroid follicles |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of T4 at target tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone; Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone; Produced by parafollicular cells found between the follicles |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid; Secret parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone function is: |
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Definition
| Most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca^2+) homeostasis of the blood; Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone; hypercalcemic hormone (which increase blood calcium levels); and it stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum; Largest in infants and children; decreases in size throughout adulthood; Produces a hormone call thymosin |
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Term
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Definition
| Matures some types of white blood cells; Important in developing the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| Sit on top of the kidneys and are divided into two regions: The adrenal cortex and the Adrenal medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer glandular region has 3 layers that produce corticosteroids: the mineralocorticoids, the glucocorticoids, and the sex hormones |
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Term
| Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) |
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Definition
| Are secreted by the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex; regulates mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly sodium and potassium ions; regulates water and electrolyte balance; target organ is the kidney |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol) |
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Definition
| Are secreted by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex; promotes normal cell metabolism; help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormone); Anti-inflammatory properties; Released in response to increased blood levels of the ACTH |
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Term
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Definition
| Are secreted by the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex; small amounts are made throughout life; most of the hormones produced are androgens (male sex hormones), but some estrogens (female sex hormones) are also formed |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner neural tissue region; Produces 2 similar hormones (catecholamines) which are epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline); These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (Fight or flight) |
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Term
| Release of aldosterone is stimulated by: |
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Definition
| Humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many potassium ions in the blood); hormonal stimulation (ACTH); Renin and angiotensin II in response to a drop in blood pressure |
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Term
| Aldosterone production is INHIBITED by |
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Definition
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone produced by the heart when blood pressure is too high |
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Term
| How is the body changed when epinephrine is flooded into it? |
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Definition
| Heart rate increases, as well as blood pressure and blood glucose levels; It dilates small passageways of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the abdomen, close to the stomach; Mixed gland with both endocrine and exocrine functions |
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Term
| The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) produce hormones |
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Definition
| Insulin (Which is produce by beta cells) and Glucagon (which is formed by alpha cells); These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| Released when blood glucose levels are high; Increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells; Effects of chemical are hypoglycemic |
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Term
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Definition
| Released when blood glucose levels are low; Stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels |
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Term
| What do the Gonads produce? |
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Definition
| Sex cells and sex hormones; Ovaries for females and testes for males |
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Term
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Definition
| Female gonads located in the pelvic cavity; produce eggs; produce 2 groups of steroid hormones specifically Estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| Male gonads suspended outside the pelvic cavity; produce sperm and androgens such as testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics; Mature the female reproductive organs; When combined with progesterone, it promotes breast development and regulates the menstrual cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle; Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus; Helps prepare breasts for lactation |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics; Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system; Required for sperm cell production |
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Term
| Which non-endocrine organs secrete hormones? |
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Definition
| Stomach, small intestine, kidneys, and the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced hormones that maintain pregnancy; some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby; produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones |
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Term
| Human placental lactogen (hPL) |
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Definition
| Prepares the breasts for lactation |
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Term
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Definition
| Relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis for childbirth |
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Term
| In the absence of disease and before old age: |
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Definition
| Efficiency of the endocrine system remains high |
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Term
| Decreasing function of female ovaries at menopause leads to: |
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Definition
| Symptoms such as osteoporosis, increased chance of heart disease, and possible mood changes |
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Term
| People are more prone to ______________________ with the advancing of age and the slowing of the endocrine system |
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Definition
| Diabetes mellitus, immune system depression, lower metabolic rate, and higher rates of cancer in some areas more than others |
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