Term
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Definition
| Flexor reflex (withdrawal) |
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Term
| A majority of positive ions are |
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Definition
| On the out side of the neuron's plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus changes the permeability of the neuron's membrane to sodium ions |
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Term
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Definition
| The nerve impulse either is propagated (the action of spreading) or not |
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Term
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Definition
| Abundant and star-shaped; brace and anchor neurons to blood capillaries; determine permeability and exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons; protects neurons from harmful substances in the blood; controls the chemical environment in the brain. Forms the blood brain barrier or BBB |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands |
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Term
| Autonomic nervous efferent system |
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Definition
| Involuntarily controls smooth and cardiac muscles as well as glands. Further divided up into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulate the reflex activity of smooth muscles, the heart and the glands; |
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Term
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Definition
| Conduct impulses away from the cell body; neurons only have one; they end at the axon terminals which contain vesicles with neurotransmitters; these terminals are separated by the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| Subcortical motor center helps control skeletal muscles movements; known as islands of gray matter which are buried deep within the white matter of the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| One axon and one dendrite; usually located in special sense organs, such as the nose and eye; rare in adults |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum; cooperates with the medullary centers to control respiratory rate and depth; contains nuclei of the cranial nerves 5-7; contains projection fibers; involved in the control of breathing |
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Term
| Brain stem: medulla oblongata |
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Definition
| Relays ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors; contains nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessels diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting etc.; relays sensory information to the cerebellum; contains nuclei of cranial nerves 8-12; contains projection fibers; site of crossover of pyramids |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains visual and auditory reflex centers, as well as the subcortical motor centers and nuclei for cranial nerves 3 and 4; extends from the mamillary bodies to the Pons onferiorly |
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Term
| Brain stem: reticular formation |
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Definition
| Maintains cerebral cortical alertness; filters out repetitive stimuli; helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity; the RAS plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness; they diffuse mass of gray matter along the brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
| The motor speech area involved in our ability to speak intelligibly; usually in the left hemisphere |
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Term
| CNS glial cells: Microglia |
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Definition
| Spider-like phagocytes; monitors health of nearby neurons; and they dispose of debris |
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Term
| Calcium channels open when |
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Definition
| The action potential reaches the axon terminal. It causes tiny vesicles containing the neurotransmitter chemical to fuse with the axonal membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the nucleus (with large nucleolus) and metabolic center of cell |
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Term
| Central nervous system and function |
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Definition
| Brain and spinal cord; integration, command center that interprets incoming sensory information and issues outgoing instructions |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioceptors, and visual and equilibrium pathways; provides instructions to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers, resulting in smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movement; responsible for proper balance and posture |
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Term
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Definition
| Are paired superior parts of the brain; include more than half the brain mass; the surface is made out of ridges and grooves; fissures are deeper grooves; lobes are named for the cranial bones that lie over them. Three main parts are the cortex, the white matter, and the basal nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles or glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Localizes and interprets sensory inputs; controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscles activity; acts in intellectual and emotional processing |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibers that conduct impulses toward the cell body. Neurons have hundreds of these |
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Term
| Diencephalon: hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Chief integration center of autonomic nervous system; regulates the body temperature food intake water balance and thirst; regulates hormonal output of anterior pituitary gland and acts as an endocrine organ; houses the limbic system for emotions and the mamillary bodies for opfaction |
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Term
| Diencephalon: limbic system |
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Definition
| Includes cerebral and diencephalon structures; mediates emotional response; involved in memory processing |
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Term
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Definition
| Relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex; relays impulses between cerebral motor cortex and lower motor centers; involved in memory; encloses the third ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the muscle or gland to be stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| Line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord; cilia assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain and temperature receptors |
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Term
| Functional anatomy of the brain consists of |
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Definition
| The cerebral hemispheres, the diencephalon, the brain stem, and the cerebellum |
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Term
| Functional properties of neurons |
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Definition
| Irritability and conductivity |
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Term
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Definition
| Proprioceptor which receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies |
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Term
| How does permeability change after repolarization |
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Definition
| It becomes impermeable to sodium ions and permeable to potassium ions. The K+ ions diffuse out of the neuron effectively repolarizing the membrane |
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Term
| If enough neurotransmitter is released: |
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Definition
| A graded potential will be generated and an impulse will occur in the neuron beyond the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| Nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides whether action is needed |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes information and directs motor output |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell bodies located in the CNS that connect sensory and motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| The major positive ions on the inside of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Motor (efferent) division |
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Definition
| Nerves fibers that carry impulses away from CNS organs to the effector organs (muscles and glands). Can be split into the somatic and automatic systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries message to an effector |
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Term
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Definition
| A response, or effect, activates muscles or glands |
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Term
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Definition
| White, fatty material covering axons; protects and insulates fibers; speeds nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| The major positive ion on the outside of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Collections of cell bodies outside the CNS in the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS |
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Term
| Nervous system classification is based on: |
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Definition
| Structures and activities |
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Term
| Nervous tissue is made up of |
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Definition
| Supporting cells and neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Sodium channels open up and it diffuses into the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of Schwann cell external to the myelin sheath. Kind of like a sweater on top of a sweater |
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Term
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Definition
| Intermediate filaments that maintain cell shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Glial cells that are non-neuronal cells that support and protect nervous tissue. Main functions are support, insulation, and protection. These are unable to conduct nerve impulses but never lose their ability to divide |
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Term
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Definition
| The inward rush of sodium ions changes the polarity at that site and is called depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized cells that transmit messages through impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibers that extend outward from the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| The rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrap around nerve fibers in the CNS; produce myelin sheaths; these lack a neurilemma |
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Term
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Definition
| Knee-jerk reaction. It's the simplest type of reflex arc |
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Term
| Path of sensory reception |
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Definition
| Receptors-dendrites-peripheral axon-afferent transmission-ganglion-cell body-sensory neuron-central process axon- interneuron-spinal cord-motor neuron-efferent transmission-effectors- |
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system and functions |
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Definition
| Cranial (which carry impulses to and from the brain) and spinal nerves (which carry impulses to and from the spinal cord); these serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and glands or muscles |
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Term
| Polarized neuron membrane |
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Definition
| Membrane that is at rest or inactive. As long as the inside of the membrane is more negative than the outside, the cell remains inactive |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli; the ones that occur over neural pathways are called reflex arcs |
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Term
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Definition
| Protect and cushion neurons cell bodies in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Term
| Sensory (Afferent) division of nerves |
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Definition
| Nerves fibers that carry information to the CNS. This includes the somatic sensory and visceral sensory fibers |
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Term
| Sensory input or gathering information |
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Definition
| Sensory receptors monitor changes, called stimuli, occuring inside or outside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry the message to the integration center |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Somatic Sensory Afferent fibers |
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Definition
| These carry information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS |
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Term
| Somatic nervous efferent system |
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Definition
| Voluntarily controlling skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| These stimulate the skeletal muscles, and are involuntary even though skeletal muscles are normally under voluntary control; like pulling your hand away from a hot stove |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Functional junction between nerves where a nerve impulse is transmitted |
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Term
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Definition
| Gap between axon terminals and the next neuron |
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Term
| The 5 elements of a reflex arc are |
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Definition
| Sensory receptor, sensory neurons, integration center, motor neurons, and effector organs (usually muscle) |
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Term
| The Auditory and Olfactory areas are located |
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Definition
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Term
| The entry of calcium into the axon terminal causes |
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Definition
| Pore-like openings to form, releasing the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft which then diffuse across the cleft and bind to the receptors on the membrane of the next neuron |
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Term
| The neurotransmitter is quickly removed from the synapse by either |
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Definition
| Reuptake or enzymatic activity |
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Term
| The visual area is located |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Have a single short process leaving the cell body; found in the PNS Ganglia; conduct impulses to and from the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| These carry information from the visceral organs to the CNS |
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Term
| What does it take to conduct a neural impulse |
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Definition
| A graded potential exists where the inside of the membrane is more positive and the outside is less positive. If the stimulus is strong enough and the sodium influx great enough, local depolarization activates the neuron |
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Term
| What is a sodium potassium pump |
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Definition
| Way by which neurons restore the original configuration. 3 Na io s are ejected while 2 K ions are returned to the cell. Until this happens the nerve cell cannot conduct another impulse |
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Term
| When the ion channel is closed |
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Definition
| The neurotransmitter is broken down and released |
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Term
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Definition
| Collections of myelinated fibers (tracts) |
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Term
| The corpus callosum does what |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The tracts in the corpus callosum |
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Term
| Projection fiber tracts connect |
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Definition
| The cerebellum with the lower CNS centers |
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Term
| Diencephalon: epithalamus |
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Definition
| Forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle; houses the pineal body; includes the choroid plexus |
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Term
| What does the choroid plexus do |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The dura mater, arachnoid layer and the pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost leathery layer; double layered external covering (which includes the periosteum that attaches to the inner surface of the skull and the meningeal layer which is the outer covering of the brain) these fold inward in several areas (falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli) |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle layer; weblike extensions span the subarachnoid space to attach it to the pia mater; subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid; arachnoid granulations protrude through the dura mater and absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal layer; clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
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