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| the time in Western Europe from the decline/fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century. |
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| Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway that disrupted life from Ireland to Sicily from the 8th-11th centuries. |
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| peasant agricultural laborers that lived in manors. |
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| a 9th century plow with a curved iron plate. |
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| an agricultural system in the middle ages where 1/3 of the land was unploughed. |
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| the first Christian Frankish king. |
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| the royal family of Franks in the 8th-10th century. |
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| founded the Carolingian empire. |
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| a Carolingian ruler who established an empire in France and Germany. |
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| Holy Rome Empire/Emperors |
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| emperors in Germany and northern Italy after Charlemagne's empire split. |
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| the social organization by exchanging grants of land for formal oaths of allegiance and loyal service. |
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| members of the military elite who received land and benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. |
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| the Duke of Normandy who build a strong feudal domain in his French province. |
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| the Great Charter that confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims. |
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| groups that represented privileged groups. |
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| the church, the nobles, and the urban leaders. |
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| the war between England and France from 1337-1453. |
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| the pope that called for the First Crusade in 1095. |
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| pope during the 11th century. |
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| when the state appoints the bishop. |
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| a scholar that applied logical thinking to theology. |
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| a powerful monk that believed in faith over logic. |
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| an Italian monk who taught at the University of Paris. |
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| using logic to solve theological questions. |
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| Gothic vs. Romanesque architecture |
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| gothic- west europe during the middle ages. roman- regular with columns and domes. |
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| regional, not official languages. |
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| an organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia to establish an commercial alliance. |
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| sworn associations of people in the same business/trade in a city. |
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| a series of plagues that devastated Europe. |
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