Term
| Classical Time Period - Canon |
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Definition
| A set of rules developed by the Greek artist Polykleitos for creating perfect proportionality in the human figure. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Humanism |
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Definition
| The study of the creative and intellectual contributions of all human cultures. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Frieze |
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Definition
| A broad horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration, usually on a wall near the ceiling. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Lyre |
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Definition
| A string instrument like a U-shaped harp known for its use by the classical Greeks. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Socratic Method |
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Definition
| Analytical method of reasoning developed by Greek philosopher Socrates that asks a progression of questions in pursuit of the truth. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Allegory of the Cave |
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Definition
| Plato's extended metaphor in The Republic that contrasts the way in which most humans perceive reality and Plato's idea of the true form of reality. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Classicism |
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Definition
| Aesthetic attitudes and principles found in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Kouros |
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Definition
| Type of statue featuring life-sized male nudes in a stance in which the left foot is placed in front of the right. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Diction |
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Definition
| Word-choice; can be classified as formal or informal, or denotative or connotative. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period -Post and lintel |
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Definition
| Classical Greek architectural design that features two upright posts supporting a crossbeam called a lintel. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period -Pediment |
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Definition
| The triangular upper part of the front of a building in the classical style. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Democracy |
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Definition
| Government of direct rule by the people, a form developed by the Greeks. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Golden Mean |
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Definition
| Aristotle's term for the desirable middle between two extremes, between excess and inadequacy. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Doric order |
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Definition
| The simplest of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring unadorned columns with no base. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Philosopher King |
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Definition
| A hypothetical ruler, or Guardian, of Plato's ideal city-state. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Skepticism |
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Definition
| A philosophy that maintains that there can be no certainty in human knowledge and that mankind should continually be involved with finding the truth. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Republic |
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Definition
| Government where supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Hubris |
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Definition
| Greek word for excessive pride, presumption or arrogance (originally toward the gods). |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Entablature |
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Definition
| The horizontal layers of material of a building that are supported by columns or walls. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - The Forms |
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Definition
| Plato's concept that there are ideal essences (the Forms) of objects or things. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Polytheism |
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Definition
| The belief in multiple gods; religion based on more than one god. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Capital |
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Definition
| The top part of a column between the shaft of the column and the entablature. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Epic |
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Definition
| A long poem recounting in elevated style the deeds of a legendary hero; any narrative work (novel, drama, film) dealing with epic themes. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Catharsis |
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Definition
| The purging of a spectator's strong emotions through experiencing tragedy; one of Aristotle's concepts. |
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Hellenic |
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Definition
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Term
| Classical Time Period - Muses |
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Definition
| Goddesses of inspiration for literature, art, and science. |
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Term
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Definition
| The accurate and genuine reality of the world; that which is indisputably factual. |
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Term
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Definition
| A political treatise written by Niccolò Machiavelli (1467-1527) in which he claims that the ends justify the means and that those with political power should use whatever advantage they have to keep it and control the populace. |
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Term
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Definition
| A work of art which represents some abstract quality or idea, often religious or political, by means of symbolic representation. |
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Term
| Renaissance - self-fashioning |
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Definition
| The process of fashioning one's individual sense of self and public persona according to a set of socially acceptable standards. |
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Term
| Renaissance - Protestant Reformation |
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Definition
| A religious movement of the 16th century to reform the Roman Catholic Church that resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connected to the sea or seafaring. |
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Term
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Definition
| The achievement of putting different areas of the body in dynamic tension with one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pleasing or harmonious proportionate arrangement of corresponding parts of an artwork. |
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Term
| Renaissance - Age of Exploration |
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Definition
| Time period between the early fifteenth to the early seventeenth centuries when Europeans sailed around the globe and transferred goods, food, plants, and people (in the form of slaves) transforming the countries they reached. |
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Term
| Renaissance - Renaissance Man |
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Definition
| A term describing an individual with broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning many intellectual and artistic disciplines. |
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Term
| Renaissance - chiaroscuro |
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Definition
| The creation of the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade. |
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Term
| Renaissance - Reformation art |
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Definition
| Art movement of the 16th century, largely in Northern Europe, that reflected religious views of Protestant Reformation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A challenge to or rejection of the orthodox doctrine of a religion or church. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polyphonic vocal work, usually written for four or five voices, setting a pastoral poem to music, performed without instrumental accompaniment, and intended for secular use. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the creative and intellectual contributions of all human cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| An overland route from Constantinople to Beijing used in the trade of silks and spices between Europe and the Far East; it was eventually blocked by the Ottoman Empire and travel by sea became more popular. |
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Term
| Renaissance - Renaissance |
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Definition
| A period in Western history, from the 14th through the 16th centuries, marked by a revival of interest in the culture of Greco-Roman antiquity and a flourishing of artistic and intellectual achievement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speech by character in a drama expressing his or her inmost thoughts, heard by the audience but not by any other character. |
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Term
| Renaissance - Martin Luther |
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Definition
| German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation; argued that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds or works. |
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Term
| Renaissance - In Praise of Folly |
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Definition
| A satirical essay written by Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) in which he criticizes the abuses and corruption of Catholic doctrine in parts of the Catholic Church. |
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Term
| Renaissance - individualism |
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Definition
| That which separates one unique person from another, as well as the social and philosophical viewpoint that celebrates that difference. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of poem that commonly contains 14 lines. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of language which is particular to a group of people, such as those belonging to a region or social class |
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Term
| Renaissance - epistemology |
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Definition
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Term
| Renaissance - linear perspective |
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Definition
| The creation of the illusion of depth based on the fact that parallel lines or edges appear to converge, and objects appear smaller as the distance between them and a viewer increases. |
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Term
| Renaissance - classical humanism |
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Definition
| The cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on Greek and Roman classic literature, that emphasized the dignity, worth, and rationality of humankind. |
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Term
| Renaissance - rationalism |
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Definition
| A point of view that emphasizes the role of reason, over the senses, in gaining knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Language that flows naturally as opposed to language that conforms to the beat of a rhythm such as in poetry. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deliberate destruction of religious art, imagery, icons, and other symbols or monuments. |
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Term
| Renaissance - papal infallibility |
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Definition
| Roman Catholic doctrine that the Pope cannot err when he speaks about faith or morality because of divine guidance. |
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Term
| Renaissance - blank verse |
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Definition
| Poetry written in a metered fashion, typically iambic pentameter, but which does not rhyme |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Fortepiano |
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Definition
| An early form of the piano originating in the 18th and early 19th centuries and having a smaller range and softer timbre than a modern piano. |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Counterpoint |
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Definition
| The simplest form of harmony features at least two melodic lines (referred to as voices or parts) of equal value played against one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fully-produced, multi-sectional work for the theater whose text (or libretto) is primarily sung by soloists and a chorus, and which is accompanied by instruments, usually a large orchestra. |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Empiricism |
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Definition
| Philosophical doctrine that says all knowledge is derived from our senses. |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Rationalism |
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Definition
| A point of view that emphasizes the role of reason, over the senses, in gaining knowledge. |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Neoclassicism |
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Definition
| Art movement of 18th century that drew on Greek and Roman art for models of harmony, idealized realism, and reason. |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Philosophes |
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Definition
| A term used to refer to French Enlightenment philosophers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural laws that Enlightenment thinkers believed should guide the structure of civilized life. |
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Term
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Definition
| The steady march of advancements made in certain intellectual areas that allow the human race to develop and grow. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body of beliefs, principles, and values in a knowledge or belief system such as religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that God created the natural laws that govern nature but does not directly intervene or interfere in any way. |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Skepticism |
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Definition
| Greek philosophical school that maintained human knowledge was limited and uncertain, and probability of correct morality was enough for acting in a moral fashion. Skepticism also refers to a general attitude of questioning and doubting assertions, and maintaining that the accumulation of evidence is of fundamental importance. |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Individualism |
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Definition
| Individualism is that which separates one unique person from another, as well as the social and philosophical viewpoint that celebrates that difference. |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Enlightenment |
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Definition
| The period in Western history spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, during which a notable shift toward rational thinking and advancement occurred in science, philosophy, society, and politics. |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Monophonic |
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Definition
| Music that contains only a single part. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genre in which human or individual weaknesses or shortcomings are shown by means of ridicule, derision, irony, or other methods, often with the intent to expose or correct. |
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Term
| Enlightenment - Chiaroscuro |
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Definition
| The creation of the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individualism is that which separates one unique person from another, as well as the social and philosophical viewpoint that celebrates that difference. |
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Term
| Romantic - slave narratives |
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Definition
| Published accounts of American slaves who related the hardships and injustices of slavery. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variant of patriotism characterized by intense loyalty to a particular nation and its defining values and features. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that reality is a mental construction or that the object of external perception consists of ideas. |
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Term
| Romantic - egalitarianism |
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Definition
| A belief in promoting social and political equality. |
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Term
| Romantic - transcendentalism |
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Definition
| Philosophical movement during the Romantic era that emphasized feeling over reason and the role of the individual finding an intuitive relation to the universe through solitude amid nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fundamental, dramatic shift in organizational structure that occurs over a short period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A quality of greatness or vastness that is beyond calculation, comparison, or imitation; often invoked with reference to nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| The evocation of strong, irrational emotion within an artistic or literary work. |
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Term
| Romantic - Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
| The 19th century transition in many countries from an agrarian economy to one dominated by machine manufacturing. |
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Term
| Romantic - Romantic/Byronic hero |
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Definition
| A stereotypical character of a Romantic novel; an exceptional and gifted loner, perhaps misunderstood, who was driven to follow personal passion rather than traditional societal expectations. |
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Term
| Romantic - Transcendentalist movement |
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Definition
| Philosophical movement during the Romantic era that emphasized feeling over reason and the role of the individual finding an intuitive relation to the universe through solitude amid nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| An artistic trend that took place in Europe in the 19th century, which borrowed and glorified cultural aspects from non-Western civilizations. |
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Term
| Romantic - Gothic Revival |
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Definition
| Romantic-era architectural movement that employed Gothic forms. |
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Term
| Romantic - Gothic literature |
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Definition
| A literary style popular during the Romantic era that emphasized the flawed nature of man and his potential for destruction rather than progress, often through monstrous heroes and/or sympathetic villains. |
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Term
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Definition
| The political, economic, and cultural domination by one country over another country or region. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement or displacement of notes by a half-step, as opposed to the tradition of whole-step movement in previous periods. |
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Term
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Definition
| The political, economic, and cultural domination by one country over another country or region. |
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Term
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Definition
| The policy of extending the rule of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that reality is a mental construction or that the object of external perception consists of ideas. |
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Term
| Realist - Post-Impressionism |
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Definition
| Art movement of the late 19th century that while influenced by Impressionism emphasized a greater concern for expression, structure, form, and emotional response. |
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Term
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Definition
| In music, a brief but recognizable recurring fragment of a melody. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes an ideal community or society; often used to describe a society that does not exist in reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ethical approach that emphasizes pragmatic ethical decisions for the greater good. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes music that is written in a way that avoids centering around a specific key. |
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Term
| Realist - Natural Selection |
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Definition
| The gradual process by which certain biological traits fade away or grow through the reproductive success or failure of the individuals that have that trait; a term coined by Charles Darwin to illustrate that certain traits are better suited for certain environments than others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Art movement of the late 19th century that emphasized simplified composition and the effect of light and color to capture a painter's visual impression. |
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Term
| Realist - Social Darwinism |
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Definition
| The theory that individuals, groups, and communities are subject to the same principle of natural selection as plants and animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of a symbol, object, or image to represent something else (that is, a concept or idea). |
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Term
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Definition
| A variant of patriotism characterized by intense loyalty to a particular nation and its defining values and features. |
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Term
| Realist - Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
| The 19th century transition in many countries from an agrarian economy to one dominated by machine manufacturing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Philosophical position that all processes, phenomena, and objects/beings can be explained as manifestations or results of matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| An artistic trend that took place in Europe in the 19th century, which borrowed and glorified cultural aspects from non-Western civilizations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory of evolution by natural selection developed by biologist Charles Darwin. |
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Term
| Realist - Scientific Materialism |
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Definition
| The belief that physical reality, as seen through the natural sciences, is all that truly exists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Art movement of the late 19th century - early 20th century that favored sinuous lines, curves, and organic motifs, such as plants and flowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The emphasis on an industrialized economic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of diverse populations into urban areas. |
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