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| Naples, Papal States, Florence, Milan, Venice |
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| merchant bankers, ran the city-states |
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| family from Florence, produced many notable people, made fortunes from being bankers and merchants, lent money to popes |
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| hired mercenary troops, hired b/c of distrust in the people |
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| practice adopted by the five major city states where they decided it would be bad for all of them if any one city state became too powerful |
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| study of/concern for humankind, man is important and should be educated and should live in a secular world |
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| people want to enjoy time on earth rather than worry about afterlife |
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| people with talent (artists, writers) able to express themselves during this time |
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| wrote The Courtier (how-to book for being a gentleman), stressed cultural talents |
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| wrote The Prince (ruler should be feared) |
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| ancient event of captive Christians that Luther references when talking about the Avignonese papacy |
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| after French cardinals elect an Italian pope (who has returned to Rome after the Avignonese papacy), he wants to reform the religion; French want to take back the election, he refuses to leave so he stays in Rome and a second newly elected pope goes to Avignon |
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| council of the Church brought forth by theologians at University of Paris |
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| popes won't call council, so cardinals call Council of Pisa and elect ANOTHER pope (now there are 3 popes) |
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| HRE emperor steps into three-pope-catastrophe, calls this council, the council elects a new pope who settles at Rome and subjects disobeyers to punishment (usually execution) |
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| means to grace: baptism, confession, communion, matrimony, confirmation, last rites, holy orders |
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| bread and wine are turned into Jesus' body and blood during communion |
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| taking a vow back (ie annulment) |
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| practice started by the Church to pay for the St Peters Basilica where people pay for grace from Treasury of Merit |
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| idea that God designates people to save before they are born, Wyclif and Hus agree |
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| believes in predestination, professor/priest/theologian, translated NT from Latin to English, reduced priests' power b/c he didn't believe they were necessary or had magic powers |
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| professor/theologian/priest, agrees with Wyclif, invited to Council of Constance, put before Inquisition and executed |
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| movement within Catholic church where members thought the church needed to return to a basic interpretation, faith and positive view of humankind, Erasmus wrote ideals of CH |
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| 15th century monk/Christian humanist |
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| came up with idea of utopia, died defending church against Henry VIII |
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| professor/priest/theologian, challenges Johan Tetzel (indulgences) to debate, posts 95 Theses, wants more congregational participation, emphasis on sermon, translations to German, ultimate authority is Bible, brings down priesthood & compares them to laypeople, begins leading religious sect |
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| posted by Luther at university to debate Tetzel, spread through movable type, first act of Protestant Reformation |
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| meeting at Worms where emperor & leaders meet with Luther to decide about his authority, condemn him |
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| reformation leads to desire in Europeans to socially and economically better themselves, biggest rebellion of the time |
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| Luther's followers and supporters of emperor/Catholicism fight a war, this ends it, religion of authority is established (ruler's religion --> everyone's religion) |
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| Institutes of the Christian Religion |
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| written by John Calvin, God predetermines who will go to heaven, theory of "The Elect" |
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| people who God has elected to be saved, moral compass is within them |
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| student of law at university, began Calvinism, head of religion and Geneva |
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| Institutes of Christian Religion, "the elect", system of snooping/spying, not our job to determine who will be saved, laypeople are in positions of authority (presbyters), super Old Testament |
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| laypeople in positions of power at church |
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| most radical people in Reformation, mostly made up of peasants, must be baptized as adults, literal translation of Bible, church and state are separated |
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| church of England established by Henry VIII so he can get an annulment |
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| Anglican book to appeal to common people |
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| Council of Trent called by Catholic church, attempts to regain territories, no changes in doctrine but some reform (no more indulgences) |
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| council called by Catholic church, nothing really done |
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| comes up with preaching/teaching method, starts Jesuit movement (Society of Jesus) |
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| when Elizabeth I becomes queen, tries to reconcile Mary's Catholic love and her father's distance from Catholicism with this, Protestant liturgy and Catholic elements without recognizing pope |
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| prince of Portugal, sends out yearly expeditions to explore and establish African trading posts, wanted to proselytize and ally with African kings, wanted to cut out Italian middleman |
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| Spain cannot follow Portugal down western coast of Africa, if this happens Portuguese have right to throw Spanish overboard, Spanish get the Canary Islands |
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| Columbus' theory that he could get to East Asia by going west |
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| current capital of Dominican Republic, founded by Columbus' brother |
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| Line of Demarcation moved from middle of Atlantic Ocean to eastern coast of South America |
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| Italian banker, joins Spanish expedition, recognition of 'mundus novus' or new world |
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| Vespucci's term for the areas being explored |
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| experienced fighters, fought for Christianity, explored the new world, killed natives |
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| family with rulers in HRE and Spain during the time period |
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| Philip II of Spain decides the Netherlanders are heretics and this needs to be changed (and they need to be taxed), resistance is harsh but conflicted because of religious ties, William the Silent |
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| sent to the Netherlands to end the revolt |
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| council set up by Duke of Alva, called The Council of Blood by Netherlanders, responsible for carrying out king's decisions, often ended in execution |
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| Netherlander who led resistance against Philip, willing to die for Netherlands but not for religion |
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| unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands after the Eighty Years War |
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| Scottish man, studied under John Calvin, preaches against Catholicism and gains Scottish followers, Scotland becomes Presbyterian |
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| adventurers/pirates during Elizabeth I's time, supported by Elizabeth because of profits |
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| cousin of Elizabeth, child queen of Scotland, death warrant signed by Elizabeth |
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| Spanish Navy that sailed with the intention of unseating Elizabeth I from the throne, ultimately fails because English are prepared for attack, puts England and Spain at war until Elizabeth dies |
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