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| townspeople, (a burg is a fortified town) |
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| "citizens of the burg"; the upper middle class |
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| a vast Christian commonwealth |
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| ruled the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. Fought against the Danes. |
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| Here the Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons |
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| "duke of Normandy", kept one-sixth of England for himself and distributed the rest among the Norman nobles |
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| census data that William of Normandy had taken. It indicated the number of tenatns, cattle, sheep, and pigs, and the quantities of farm equipment throughout the realm. |
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| became King of England in 1100 |
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| English king who made trail by jury a regular procedure for many cases |
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| the royal accounting office |
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| ruled corruptly was caused the Magna Carta to be issued |
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| the root of the English repsect for basic rights and liberties |
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| the count of Paris. He strengthened the French monarchy by having the lords also elect his son as his coruler |
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| a French king. He started the trend of the kings having more power |
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| Philip took away French lands that were owned by King John in England. |
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| first married to Louis VII, she reigned as queen of France for fifteen years. Later married King Henry II |
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| a beloved French king. He prohibited private warfare among the nobility. He furthered royal power and promoted order |
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| French king who engaged in a struggle with the papacy. Formed a national assembly known as the Estates General. |
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| German king known as"Emperor of the Romans" or "Holy Roman Emperor"entered into an alliance with German biships and archbishops, who could provide him with fighting men and trained administrators. |
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| things like baptistism, and the lord's supper |
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| wanted to end the interference of emperors and nobles in choosing the pope |
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| established by Pope Nicholas II. They were clergymen who elected a new pontiff(pope) |
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| Hildebrand (Pope Gregory VII) |
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| Believed the Pope was holy, and had the final word on all matters. Believed popes should ruler over both secular and religious people |
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| conflict between King Henry and Pope Gregory over the power of the clergymen |
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| reached a compromise(called the Concordat of Worms) with the chruch and said that bishops were to be elected exclusively by the church and given the staff and the ring , but the king would give the bishop a scepter, to indicate that the biship was also the recipient of a fief and the king's vassal |
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| Fredrick Barbarossa (Red Beard); Tried to assert authority over northern Italian cities. His forces were trounced at the battle of Legnano |
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| wars to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims |
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| at the Council of Clermont he exaggerated the danger of the muslims |
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| initiated the Second Crusade |
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| a powerful Muslim leader. He recaptured Jerusalem. |
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| caused after Saladin captured Jerusalem |
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| Richard I, the Lion-Hearted |
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| called the Fourth Crusade |
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| a young shepherd boy who started the Children's Crusade in 1212 |
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| William the Pig and Hugo the Iron |
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| manipulated children of the Children's Crusade |
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| used Franciscans and Dominicans as officail investigators |
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| follwers of Peter Waldo. They gave away their property |
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| they believed in an eternal conflict between the forces of the god of good and the god of evil. |
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| slaughtered supspected heretics throughout the county of Toulouse, adn for a short time he held the title of count of Toulouse |
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| founder of the Franciscan order abandoned his possessions and devoted his life to imitating Christ. His disciples were called "Little Brothers' |
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| founder of the Dominican order. A Spanish noblemen who had preached against the Cathari in souther France. He insisted that his followers engaged in study. His followers were known as "hounds of the lord" for their zeal in fighting heresy |
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| believed the pope was lower than god but more higher than man. He made teh papacy the center of European political life |
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| was married to King Philip Augustus |
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| a candidate for archbiship of Canterbury |
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| laid down some church rules. Like barring Jews from public office maintained the Eastern Orthodox church was subordinate to the Roman Catholic church |
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| also caled Maimonides. The leading Jewish sage of his day. Philosopher, mathematician, physician. Tried to harmonize faith with reason. |
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