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| Francesco Petrarca- Renaissance poet from Florence. Famous for his sonnets, one of Europe's greatest lyric poets. |
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Architect for the cathedral of Florence (the Duomo)
Friend of Donatello's |
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| (1469-1527) Politician that served in Florence, was sent into exile by the Medici family. Wrote books about politics, The Prince |
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| Played a key role in the development of the printing press. Famous for the Gutenberg Bible (1455-56) first western book to be produced by printing press. |
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| One of the great Italian Renaissance artists.. If you don't know who this nigga is your are a retard. |
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| great Italian artist of the early sixtieth century Renaissance, famous for his painting on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. He was also an accomplished sculptor, and architect. |
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| Renaissance painter famous for numerous madonnas and "School of Athens" paintings |
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| Italian writer famous for "The Book of the Courtier" which was a handbook for European aristocrats, it outlined how a perfect noble man should act and carry himself. |
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| Rich family of Florence, successful in multiple businesses, especially banking. Had a lot of political influence, eventually expelled from Florence by the French |
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| John Wyclif & The Lollards |
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| Englishman who was upset with the Church and the Papacy. Pushed for the Bible to be printed in vernacular so everyone could read. His followers were called Lollards |
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| Czech reformer to the Church who criticized the clergy and papacy for their worldliness. Started a movement but was eventually burned at the stake for heresy which lead to Hussties wars that raged until 1436. |
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| Leader of the Christian Humanists, wrote treatise on political power, "Education of a Christian Prince"- a true prince should only think of his moral obligations to the people he rules. |
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| (1478-1535) English Intellect and spiritual man who was lord chancellor of England. Famous for his book "Utopia" (1516). Devote Catholic, gave up his life over the break of England from the Church |
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| Leader of the Reformation, Nailed his 95 thesis to church door in Germany. One achieves salvation by faith alone not by their good works |
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| Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, won town debates and was allowed to preach gospel. |
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| (1509-1564) French standout of the second generation reformers, influenced by Luther, wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, making him new leader of Protestantism. |
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| Society of Jesus, mostly responsible for the Catholic Reformation. Established Schools, spread Catholic faith, and fought Protestantism. |
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| Spanish Nobleman who founded the Jesuit order, ex-solider who was wounded could not return to military, wrote The Spiritual Exercises. |
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| One of the wealthiest landholders in the Holy Roman Empire, had much success do to a well-executed policy of dynastic marriages. Controlled the position of emperor of the Holy R.E |
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| Unexpected Deaths led to him being the heir to the Habsburg, Burgundian and Spanish lines, making him the leading monarch of his age |
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| Son of Charles V, and eventually the king of Spain, disliked in England |
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| Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, issued the Edict of Restitution, prohibiting Calvinist worship and restoring the Catholic Church's property. |
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| Frederick V, of the Palatinate |
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| Elected leader of Bohemia by rebels, also the head of the Protestant Union. Driven out of rule by Ferdinand, forced into exile in the United Provinces. |
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| Gustavus Adolphus (Gustav II Adolph) |
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| King of Sweden (1611-32) brought Sweden into the Thirty Years War. Military Genius, devout Lutheran, he fought into Germany and eventually was killed in battle. |
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| Leaders of the ultra-Catholics (the extreme Catholic party in France) recruited and payed for large armies to fight against the Huguenots in the French Wars of Religion |
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| The Valois Family (politique) |
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| A royal dynasty responsible for many French Kings, battled the Habsburgs for power in much of Europe. |
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| Noble French family that also held thrones in many other parts of Europe including Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma |
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| (1519-1589) King Henry II's wife. Regent for her sons after Henry II's death, dominated their rule. Moderate Catholic, looked for religious compromise, didn't work |
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| King of France from 1589-1610. First Monarch of the Bourbon dynasty, he was a Huguenot, and later a convert to Catholicism and enacted the Edict of Nantes, granting religious liberties and ending the Civil War, assassinated by a Catholic fanatic for not being Catholic enough |
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| the chief minister of King Louis XIII, entered the French into the Thirty Years War, starting the fourth and final phase of the war; The Franco-Swedish Phase |
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| AKA Sun King, Louis the Great. French King, the perfect embodiment of an absolute monarch. Built up French army, Waged four wars during his reign, quoted "I loved war too much" |
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| Initiated the English Reformation in order to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, who couldn't give him a son. Became head of the English Church, and had Thomas More beheaded for treason. |
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| Daughter of King Henry VII, influential in making England a leader of the Protestant nations, and laid the foundations for a world empire. |
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| King James IV of Scotland, became King James I of England when his cousin, Elizabeth died. Believed in the divine rights of kings and are responsible to no one but God, alienated much of England and Parliament |
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| Son of James I, had issues with Parliament, would not summon them to meet. Imposed unpopular taxes, including ship money. Tried to impose Book of Common Prayer on the Scotts, leading to rebellion. Eventually England went into Civil War |
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| Dedicated Puritan who helped form the New Model Army and defeat the forces supporting King Charles I. Did not work with Parliament, relied on military force to rule England |
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| Son of Charles I, took over rule of England when Cromwell died. Established Cavalier Parliament, issued the Declaration of Indulgences. |
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| Tsar of Russia, wished to westernize his country, created a strong Army and Navy. He invaded Sweden and built St. Petersburg. |
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| German wife of Peter III, who inherited the Russian throne when he died. Helped expand Russian empire. |
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| German wife of Peter III, who inherited the Russian throne when he died. Helped expand Russian empire. |
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| (1740-1786) Ruled Prussia. One of the most cultured and best-educated European monarchs. Took interest in military. Involved in two wars; War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| Regarded as the patron of Portuguese exploration, founded a school for navigators. |
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| Portugese explorer, first to sail straight from Europe to India |
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| Italian explorer who worked for the queen of Spain. Discovered the "new world" |
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| Led a Spanish expedition into the Gulf of Mexico, eventually took down the Aztec empire with the help of disease. |
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| Led Spanish expedition to South America, eventually took over the Incan Empire and set up a new colony for the Spanish Empire. |
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| Famous for circumnavigation of the earth, even though he was killed in the Philippines and only one ship made it back to Spain. |
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| 16th century Spanish historian who documented the colonization of the West Indies. Wrote A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, and Historia de las Indias. |
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| One of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, famous for popularizing the essay as a literary form. Thought as Father of Modern Skepticism. |
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| Late 16th century political theorist. Believed sovereign power consisted of the authority to make laws, tax, administer justice, control the state's admin. system, and determine foreign policy. |
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| French theologian and court preacher, chief theorists of divine-right monarchy, the King was responsible to no one expect God. Wrote Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture. |
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| English political thinker who asserted that a absolute ruler should posses unlimited power to keep order. If subjects rebel, they must be suppressed. Humans, in the state of nature, were constantly at war for survival. |
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| English political thinker believed that gov should protect the rights of the people, and if they fail the people should form a new gov. Humans in nature lived in a state of equality and freedom. |
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| An astronomer of the second century. His wrote the Geography, and his world map was used for centuries, even though it was inaccurate. |
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| Greek Philosopher, important for the Renaissance and shit |
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| (1473-1543) Astronomer and Mathematician who put forth the theory that the sun was at the center of the solar system and the earth and the other planets revolved around it |
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| (1546-1601) A Danish nobleman who took precise astronomical observations for twenty years. Later his data played a key role in Kepler's theory of the solar system that the planets revolved in elliptical patterns |
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| (1571-1630) Used Brahe's data to prove that the planets revolved around the sun in elliptical patterns |
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| (1564-1642) Observed the planets with a telescope, believed in Coprenicus' theory that the earth revolved around the sun. Got in trouble with the Church was forced to recant his error and was placed on house arrest for the remainder of his life. |
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| (1561-1626) An English lawyer and chancellor who put forth a correct scientific method, believed human power was to be used to conquer nature in action. |
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| Proposed a different approach to scientific methodology by emphasizing deduction and mathematical logic. Rationalism |
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| (1632-1677) Philosopher who grew up in Amsterdam. He was excommunicated from the synagogue and ostracized by Christians. God was not simply the creator of the universe but God was the universe. |
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| (1623-1662) A French scientist and mathematician who hoped to keep science and Christianity united. Wrote Pensees to convert rationalists to Christianity. |
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| Englishmen who came up with the law of universal gravitation which explained all motion in the universe. Newton's world-machine purposes that the world operates absolutely in time, space and motion. |
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| Charles de Secondat, the baron de Montesquieu. Most famous for The Spirit of the Laws. Believed in Separation of Powers. His work was influential for many American philosophers like Ben Franklin and James Madison. |
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| Francois-Marie Arouet, aka Voltiar, was the greatest figure in the Enlightenment. Well known for his criticism of traditional religion and his support of religious toleration. |
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| The process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less concerned with spiritual and religious things; a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. |
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Peace of Lodi in Italy
(Know EXACT date) |
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| a peace agreement between Milan, Naples, and Florence signed on April 9, 1454 |
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French Invasion of Italy
(Know EXACT date) |
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| Started the "Italian Wars" -1494 |
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| Started the "Italian Wars" -1494 |
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| The Black Death (Know EXACT date) |
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| Peaked in 1348 and 1350 no fucking exact date retard Reached Europe in October 1347 |
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| The Restoration of the Stuart dynasty |
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| The "Personal Rule" of Charles I |
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| 1648- ended 30 Year's War |
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| The Defenestration of Prague |
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The Thirty Years War
Four Phases |
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Bohemian; Danish; Swedish; Franco-Swedish
(1618-1648) |
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| Acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places. (1598) |
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| august 8 1588... the Spanish got fucked up |
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| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
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o Reached Europe in October 1347
o 25-50% decline in population 1347-1351
o Outbreaks in 61-62 and 69
o Sporadic outbreaks after that |
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| • Invention of Printing w/movable type |
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1453
Sultan Mehmet II
Cannons |
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| Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks |
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1453
Sultan Mehmet II
Cannons |
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Signed in 1452
Ended almost a half-century of war and inaugurated a relatively peaceful 40 year era in Italy
Lead to a workable balance of power in Italy |
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| Five main states of Italy in the Renaissance |
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o Republic of Venice
o Duchy of Milan
o Papal States
o Kingdom of Naples
o Republic of Florence |
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| French invasion of Italy (start of the Italian Wars) |
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o 1494
o Duke of Milan feels isolated, invites French to intervene, France brings 30,000 soldiers to Naples
Start of Hadsburg-Valois Wars |
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1517
Catalyst for the Protestant Reformation
Pinned to door of the Castle Church of Wittenberg |
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| Religious Peace of Augsburg |
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1555
End to the religious warfare in Germany
Marked the division of Christianity
Accepted the right of each German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects |
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| Spanish conquest of the Moorish kingdom of Granada |
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1492
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain conquest Granada and defeat the Muslims
1502 Decree expelling all professed Muslims from her kingdom |
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| Vasco da Gama’s arrival in India |
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arrives in India in 1498
Returns to Portugal with spices |
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