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| Was successful in battle but died before taking the throne, leaving his arrogant son to become King of England. |
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| Used somewhat flawed logic in attempts to prove the existence of God. |
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| Because he ruled as an invader, he forced connections between the English and the French that would complicate dynasties through the 100 Years war. Was successful at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, thus transferring control of England to a continental power. |
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| Was a leading center of intellectual debate and boasted several noteworthy instructors and intellectuals like John Calvin and Thomas Aquinas . |
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| Used remission of sins and promises of the afterlife to rally Christians and perhaps bring the Byzantines back under the religious control of Rome. By promising soldiers a place in heaven for fighting against Muslims, he helped justify holy wars. |
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| Claimed to be Edward the Confessor's choice for as successor, even though the late king hated his family. He was defeated and died at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, thus transferring control of England to Norman invaders. |
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| Unified Anglo-Saxon tribes against Danish Viking invasions. |
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| Influenced the politically-minded with a work on power during the Italian Renaissance. He ultimately felt that humanism was naive and political power was most effectively maintained through scare tactics and force. |
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| Was so paranoid and unlikable that he alienated church leaders and undermind the solidarity of the church in the 14th Century as the Renaissance and Reformation were right around the corner |
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| Finds 3 popes in Rome in 1046 |
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| Was "successful" for Christians but romanticized war, thus resulting in less pious-minded efforts. |
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| A great demographic catastrophe that originated in Europe in the Mediterranean. It undermined many of the preexisting social traditions by killing and uprooting thousands of Europeans. |
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| His feud with Gregory VII demonstrated the strain between papal and secular authorities |
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| Represented the betrayal of good intentions and fellow Christians through piracy and slavery |
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| Perhaps the most effective religious scholar to balance Aristotelian logic with faith |
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| Was successful in inspiring thousands of peasants in the First Crusade but many of his followers left to persecute people in the countryside. |
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| Raised yes or no questions in an attempt to force Christian leaders to strengthen faith through logic |
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| Demonstrated the height of Papal authority and callled off the Crusades in the 13th century |
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| His view of society perhaps overemphasized his own role as a religious figure and thus consisted of a debatable hierarchy |
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| Was educated in the Netherlands and eventually invited to the English court. His approach mixed religious thought with leading intellectual movements of the Renaissance and thus helped make humanism an international movement |
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| Used religious alliances to defend his land against the Seljuk Turks |
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| Faced a significant political challenge as a teenager but set himself up for failuure due to paranoia |
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| A social organization that makes distinctions between Oratores, Bellatores, and Labores which was challenged in prominent events like the Peasants' Revolts |
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| Perhaps the most famous pope to reform the church, represented by his Dictatus Papae |
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| Despite its name, it was more medieval-European than Roman and had far too many conflicts with the church to be considered holy |
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| The leading movement of the Renaissance which blended Greek and Roman thought with ideas of civic duty of excellence |
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| Proved to be an innovative center for intellectual pursuits, providing students with the opportunity to make the rules |
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| Due to Viking threats he was educated and raised in Normandy due to piety or spite he left no clear heir he was religiously influential for later kings like Richard II |
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| A Catholic leader with great influence over the Reformation in England and the Holy Roman Empire His connections to the HRE, Spain, and Central European dynasties demonstrated his authority in Europe |
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| Commissioned exploration to the New World. is partially responsible for the reunification of her country through means of conquest and brutality. Grandmother to a Holy Roman Emperor and mother to an English queen (for a time) |
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| Is responsible for tomatoes in Italy, potatoes in Ireland, horses in the Americas, and the deaths of millions |
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| demonstrates the inconsistencies of humanist perspectives maintained both progressive views of women and medieval views of women and medieval views of separate roles based on gender |
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| a how to guide that skewed persecution in the direction of women |
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| despite her humanit views and her historical heritage she would be jilted and dishonored becuase of her marriages to two brothers |
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| provided a strinking example of clerical hypocisy and corruption his actions inspired one of the most famous events of the reformation |
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| Criticized transubstantiation the Eucharist and papal corruption nearly two centuries before Martin Luther unfortunately many of those influenced by him like jan hus would be burnt as heretics |
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| His magnificence ended with his death which resulted in the deunification of the shaky Italian states and gave Spain and France the ability to exert their influence |
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| sold out a divinely inspired young woman who won him back his throne |
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| due to his family's tenuous claim to the throne, he was inspired to pursue wars for popularity and successfully gained control of the French crown although it was short lived |
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