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| the dominant movement in art and literature in the mid 1800s, opposed the romantic veneration of the inner life and romantic sentimentality |
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| exemplified realism in painting, sought to practice what he called a "living art" |
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| a realist artist = Madame Bovary |
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| described how social and economic forces affected people's behavior |
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| gave harrowing accounts of slum life and crime in his serialized novel, Les Mysteres de Paris |
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| a woman writing under a male pen name, portrayed the married woman as a victim in "Indiana" |
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| a 19th century French writer |
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| a Russian writer = a novelist, dramatist, and short story writer |
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| vividly described the manners and outlook of the Russian nobility and the tragedies that attended Napoleon's invasion of Europe. |
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| a physician who turned to literature |
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| wrote "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot", "The Possessed", and "The Brothers Karamazov |
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| the wife of a Unitarian minister in Manchester = an English writer |
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| when writers tried to demonstrate a casual relationship between human character and the social environment |
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| had immense confidence in the scientific method and was convinced that it applied to literature |
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| the leading realist playwright = Norwegian |
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| viewd science as the higher achievement of the mind and sought to apply a strict empirical approach to the study of society |
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| an English chemist, formualted the modern atomic theory |
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| discovered the principal of electromagnetic induction |
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| a German physicist = formulated the law of conservation of energy |
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| discovered electromagnetic waves |
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| constructed a periodic table for the elements |
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| initiated a revolution in medicine by proving that diseases were caused by microbes, and he devised vaccines to prevent them |
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| the grandfather of Charles Darwin = published Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life |
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| published his three-volume Principles of Geology |
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| those who transferred Darwin's scientific theories to social and economic issues |
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| wrote The Gospel of Wealth = an American industrialist |
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| a British professor of mathematics |
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| a German colonial official in Southwest Africa |
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| a German theologian, examined the Gospels in a critical spirit |
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| a German philosopher and theologian |
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| argued that true Christians commit themselves to beliefs that are seemingly unintelligible |
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| a scholarly priest = questioned the historicity of the Virgin Birth and the bodily resurrection of Jesus |
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| strongly condemned modernism |
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| the seizure of power by the working class and the destruction of capitalism |
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| born of German-Jewish parents = believed that human history was governed by scientific law |
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| son of a prosperous textile manufacturer |
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| published by Marx and Engels |
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| believed Marxism had the features of a religious myth |
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| denounced the exploitation of workers and the coercive authority of govt. and envisioned a stateless society |
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| anarchists drew inspiration from him |
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| contributed to shaping the Russian anarchist tradition |
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| a British philosopher and statesman |
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| an Oxford University professor = important to shaping a new liberal position in the 19th century |
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| taught philosophy at Oxford and Saint Andrews |
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| an academic who wrote for the Manchester Guardian |
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| rejected the idea "that evils of all inds should be dealt with by the state." |
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| insisted that principles of liberty and equality expressed by the philosophes and everything else should be applied to women |
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| an English novelist and economist |
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| Angelina and Sarah Grimke |
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| spoke in public - something women rarely did |
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| argued for female emancipation |
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| Jules and Edmond Goncourt |
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| two prominent French writers |
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| Shelly, Bentham, and William Thompson |
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