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| closing of land for cultivation where commoners let their animals graze |
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| allowed weavers to double their output |
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| allowed an operator to work several spindles at once |
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| invented water-framed spinning machine |
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| copied the French practice of using a furnace with two separate compartments |
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| converted pig iron to steel by removing impurities in the iron |
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| developed the open-heart process |
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| built a blast furnance for casting iron |
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| middleman supplies materials to a worker,who wove or spun them at piecework rates |
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| rural workers who responded to harsh conditions with violence |
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| artisans in movements for political rights in England |
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| Grand National Consolidated Trades Union |
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| an attempt to join all worker's unions together |
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| series of measures that limmited the hours of thos who labored in mines and factories |
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| differentiate the deserving poor from the underserving poor |
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| required anyone receiving assistance to live in a prisonlike workhouse |
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