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| System common to England, northern France, and Germany in the Middle ages of communal peasant farming under the protection of a landholding lord. |
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| (1095 -1099) Forces were sent by Pope Urban II to assist Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus in fighting Turkish forces in Anatolia. The struggle to recapture Jerusalem for western Christianity was eventually successful. This crusade prompted attacks against Jews throughout Europe and resulted in six subsequent military campaigns to the Holy Land. |
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| A loos term reflecting the political and economic situation in eleventh and twelfth-century Europe. In this system, lords were owed agricultural labor and military service by their serfs, and in turn owed allegiance to more powerful lords and kings. |
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| Slavery-like system of customs and laws whereby peasants were kept poor and stationary by their manor lords, it spread throughout the West by the 10th century and its peak was the Middle Ages. |
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| From the word "horsemanship", an aristocratic ideology originating with the knights of eleventh-century Europe that encouraged military prowess and social graces. |
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| (1027-1087) Duke of French Normandy who crossed the English Channel and defeated Harold for the English throne in 1066. Imposed a centralized feudal system on England and introduced French as the official language. |
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| Professional organizations in commercial towns that regulated the business conditions and privileges of those practicing a particular craft. |
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| Codes of refined romantic behavior between men and women of high station. |
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| "Great Charter" of 1215 signed by King John of England, which limited the king's fiscal powers and is seen as a landmark in the political evolution of the West. |
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