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| best known of the philosophes; born Francois Marie Arouet; educated by the Jesuits; landed in Bastille (famous Paris prison); temporarily exiled to England |
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| Voltaires famous battle cry: "crush infamy" |
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| wrote the serious treaty "the Spirit of Laws"; shaped law; coined the term Despotism |
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| allowed a single ruler to govern unchecked by law or other powers, sowing corruption and capriciousness |
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| summarize and disseminate all the most advanced contemporary philosophical, scientific, and technical knowledge |
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| guiding spirit behind the Encyclopedia; helped by Jean Le Rond d'Alembert a Newtonian mathematician |
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| wrote "On Crimes and Punishments"; sounded the same general themes as the other French philosophes |
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| one of the few Enlightenment figures to treat Jews sympathetically; wrote the play "Nathan the Wise" |
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| was the model for the hero in Lessing play; self-educated rabbi and bookkeeper; defended Jewish communities against anti-Semitic policies in "On the religious Authority of Judaism |
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| addressed issues of liberty and rights but also took up matters of administration and tax collection and economic policy |
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| a term for a very wide range of policies that shared a belief in government regulation of trade in manufactured goods and precious metals |
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| letting wealth and goods circulate without government interference |
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| developed laissez-faire; wrote the treatise "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations" |
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| Abbe Gullaume Thomas francois Raynal |
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| wrote the massive "Philosophical History...of Europeans in the Two Indies"; also co-authored work like the Encyclopedia; |
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| Louis Anne de Bougainville |
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| sent by the french government to find a new route to China |
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| an "outside" who quarreled with other philosophes; first to talk about popular sovereignty and democracy; wrote "The Social Contract"; wrote "Emile" |
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| published "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"; sharp critic of Rousseau; agrued for equality for women |
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| organized intellectual life outside of the universities and they provided libraries, meeting places for dissucions, and journals that published members papers or organized debates on issues from literature and history to economics and ethics |
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| operated infomally; were organized by well-connected and learned aristocratic women |
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| wrote "Pride and Prejudice" and "Emma" |
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| published by a French firm; inexpensive paperbacks; included traditional popular literature |
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| an intensely pious man; church musician in Leipzig for most of his adult life; works consist of religious cantatas, motets, and Passions; also wrote concertos and suites for orchestra, and composed the purest of "pure" music |
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| a public pleasing cosmopolitan sought out large secular audiences; composed Italian operas; wrote oratorios "Israel in Egypt" and "Judas Maccabaeus" |
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| began composing at the age of 4; became a known keyboard virtuoso at 6; wrote his first symphony at 9; suffered in the service of the cantankerous archbishop of Salzburg; wrote "the Marriage of Figaro", Don Giovanni" and "the Magic Flute" |
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| spent ost of his life employed by an extremely wealthy Austro-Hungarian aristocratic family that maintained its own private orchestra; |
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| a 17th century creation developed by Italian Baroque composer Cladio Monteverdi |
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| shorthand for a complex series of events between 1789 and 1799; divided in to three stages; |
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| the centralized government mobilized all the country's resources to fight the foreign enemy as well as counterrevolutionaries at home, to destroy traitors of the Old Regime. |
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| First Estate: all the clergy; Second Estate: the nobility; Third Estate: everyone else |
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| urged the government to simplify the tax system and free the economy from mercantilist regulations |
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| used the financial emergency ot attempt major c onstitutional reforms; insisted that any new tax scheme must have the approval of the Estates General |
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| Third Estate angered by king's attitude took a revolutionary step of leaving the Estates General and formed this |
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| seen as the beginning of the French Revolution; Third Estate bound themselves by a solemn oath |
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| brought on by economic crisis; Parisian women angered by soaring prices of bread marched to Versailles |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen |
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| declared property to be a natural right along with liberty, security, and resistance to oppression; declared freedom of speech, religous toleration, and liberty of the press inviolable; became Preamble to new constitution |
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| Marie Gouze or Olympe de Gouges |
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| self-educated daughter of a butcher who had became an intellectual and playwright; composed her own manifesto, the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen |
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| sypathizer of the American Revolution attacked the French Revolution; wrote "reflections on the Revolution" |
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| Committee of Public Safety |
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| twelve member group; fire behind Reign of Terror |
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| opposed nearly all of his moderate colleagues' assumptions, including their admiration for Britain; edited the popular news sheet, "the Friend of the People"; stabbed by Charlotte Corday, a revolutionary martyr |
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| popular political leader well known in plebian clubs; organized the Reign of Terror; sent to the guillotine |
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| lawyer; president of the National Convention and member of the Committee of Public Safety |
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| National Convention adopted a new constitution which vested authority in a board of 5 men; chosen by legislative body |
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| overthrew the Directory; declared "temporary consul" |
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| allied with the French army and defeated the French planter, British, and Spanish; |
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| general in the army of former slaves, declared the independent state of Haiti |
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| cleared through the thicket of different leagal traditions, creation one uniform law; confirmed the abolition of feudal privileges of all kinds; established lycees |
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| sought to choke Britain trade and force its surrender |
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| the Spanish conflicts were called this |
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| first island Napolean was exiled to |
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| second island Napolean was exiled to |
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| invented by John Kay; speeded the process of weaving |
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| invented by James Hargreaves; a compound spinning wheel, capable of producing sixteen threads at once |
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| invented by Richard Arkwright; made it possible to produce both warp and woof |
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| invented by Samuel Compton; combined the features of the jenny and fram |
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| invented by Eli Whitney; mechanized the process of seperating cotton seeds from the fiber |
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| higher quality and could be used in building an enormous variety of iron products: machines, engines, railway tracks, agricultural implements and hardware |
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| devised a steam engine for pumping water from mines |
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| made scientific instruments at the University of Glasgow; improved steam engine |
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| English contractor who built railways in Italy, Canada, Argentina, India, and Australia |
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| term for workers who built the railways |
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| Transatlantic Cable and telephone |
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| laid grounds for a revolution in communications and ugliness. |
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| invented a technique of vaccinating for smallpox |
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| most tragic combination of famine, poverty, and population; Ireland |
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| wrote Hard Times and Oliver Twist |
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| attended the exclusive educational preserves of Eton and Oxford University; married into the aristocratic Grenville family and became prime minister of England |
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| central to middle class Victorian thinking about women |
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| went to the Crimean Peninsula to nurse British soldiers fighting there in the 1850s |
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| a women who dressed like a man and smoked cigars and her novels often told the tales of independent women thwarted by convention and unhappy marriage |
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| agreement between Napolean and the church |
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| wrote about aimless single women rescued by marriage |
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