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| (1483-1546)Began revolt 1521. believed members of the church straying far from the church led revolutionary change - protestantism |
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| Italian Friar 1490 went to Florence to preech. Called for reforms like Luther 1494-1498 all of Florence under his influence |
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| Erasmus (1466-1536) and More (1478-1535) close friends & humanists. wrote In Praise of Folly and Utopia respectivley both criticizing current society and govermnent |
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| 1455 created the printing press and made first book the bible in German translation |
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| Holy Roman Emperor who opposed Luther. Made Edict of Worms calling Luther a heretic |
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| 1509 became King of England at 18. Devout Catholic and detested Luther 1521 wrote a pamphlet on Luther criticizing him |
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| First wife of Henry VIII- only bore one child a girl named Mary. Henry unsatisfied with her. Asked Pope for divorce but said no so Henry broke from the Pope and started the Church of England |
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| 1533 married Henry VIII gave birth to Elizabeth I (most powerful Queen in England) Henry VIII upset again ordered her imprisoned and in 1536 beheaded |
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| Henry VIII's 3rd wife 1537 gave birth to Edward a son finally but died 12 days later |
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| 1530's came under influence of Luther.1536 wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. Set system for Protestant beliefs. Set up basically a theocracy |
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| Leader of the Aztec's 1519 allowed Cortes to come onto Tenochitlan with his army who feared Cortes to be old God prophesized to come back that year |
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| 1519 entered Aztec land. Known as a conquistador had a young native american known as Maria who led him to the Aztecs |
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| Conqueror of the Incan people in 1532 had smaller army but more sophisticated weapons and transportation in war and defeated the 30,000 Incans |
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| Incan Ruler captured by Pizarro offered huge ransom offer of rooms full of gold and silver but was still kept prisoner and eventually ordered to strangulation |
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| 1556 appointed ruler of Spain bu father Charles V ruled from 1556-1598 and turned Spain into strongest supporter of Chatholocism and great enemy of Protestantism |
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| 1541-1614 proud Spanish artist though originally from Greece supporter of Catholocism |
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| (1599-1660) Showed pride of Spain's royal family and was best known for his portraits of Spanish kings and princes |
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| 1605 published what is considered to be first european novel |
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| (1606-1669) greatest Dutch artist of the age paintings realisticly captured moments of drama |
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| Wife of Henry II harsh ruler of France who allowed the mass murder Protestants in France known as St. Bartholomew Day |
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| Henry IV brought peace to France. Although he was a Protestant he still was very open to Catholocism and eventually converted but allowed freedom of religion in France |
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| After Louis XIII took over at the age of nine he appointed the Catholic Cardinal Richelieu as his chief minister. Rich took control and became virtual ruloer of France. His goal was to increase Bourbon power and make France the strongest European state |
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| (1533-1592) writer and thinker during the worst years of the French religious wars |
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| (1596-1650) French writer and thinker and a mathematician and a philosopher |
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| Half sister of Elizabeth Tudor died in 1558 while ruling England |
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| Became Queen of England 1558 had a harsh temper but is considered to be the greatest English Monarch in all of its history |
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| Queen of scots and catholic who many hoped would take Elizabeth's place after her death She was ordered beheaded by Elizabeth after several plots to kill her arose |
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| Francis Drake and the Sea Dogs |
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| Sea dogs were englishmen attacking Spain for treasure in secret while Elizabeth made Phillip II beileve they were in love. Francis Drake (1566-1580) was the greatest of the Sea Dogs and once gathered a treasure of 600,000 pounds more than twice the yearly income of Elizabeth |
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| 1603 became king of England clashed with the parliament becuase he believed that he had absolute power and that royal authority came directly from God |
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| 1625 became king and his policies (the same as James's) led to war |
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| 1644 military genious who fought for the roundheads. He faught and won with the new model army Once he won however, he defeated his own army and became a military dictator over England |
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| 1660 became king of England and is credited with the restoration of the monarchy in England. He brought back drama and poetry, he was a moderate ruler and he passed habeas corpus |
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| 1685 became king of england but caused trouble believed in divine right of kings and was overthrown |
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| Ideas were posotive compared to Hobbes and believed all people had the gift of reason and that govt's formed to give people the right to property life and liberty |
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| convinced that all humans born evil because of civil war he believed that govt's should have complete control or people would be left to act evily |
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| thinkers in the early 1700s they believed that they could apply reason to all aspects of life |
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| Combater of prejudice he was a young writer and had a sharp tounge which made him many enemies |
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| Writer and planner of the first encyclopedia in 1751. He worked for 20 years on it |
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| Bach and Handel : Baroque composers |
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| Two greatest composers of the Baroque period (1685-1750) and (1685-1759) respectivly |
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| Classical composers: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven |
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Haydn born in 1732 wrote a full symphony for strings and woodwinds and were superior
Mozart= child prodigy and composed his first symphony for King George III at the age of 8
Beethoven(1770-1827) considered to be the greatest composer of all European composers |
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| (1723-1790) supporter of free trade he wrote a book defending his opinion |
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| (1689-1755)studied political liberty oversimplified the British system in a book he wrote |
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| Weak ruler came to power in 1774 wife marie antoinette goverment in deep debt and unpopular because marie antoinette was from rival austria |
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| Wife of King Louis XVI very unpopular because she was from austria well dressed and had many affairs she also was very rich and made many ridiculous expenses while the French people lacked even bread |
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| radical club trying to gain more power and food and overthrow the king and queen |
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| Jacobin leader who began terror in which he tried to wipe out all history of French Monarchy. 3,000 were executed in Paris and all oposers killed in France totaled 40,000 |
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| (1769-1821) Considered one of the greatest leaders of France was part of the revolution at first but became monarch and he was loved because the people thought things could get no worse so change was good he restored order in France if only for a short while |
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