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| a long affair that produced two peace treaties: one in 1814 and another in 1815 after Napoleon's startling escape from exile and his final defeat at Waterloo; called for the "Concert of Europe" to secure the peace and create permanent stability |
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| raised in the court of Catherine the Great; learned Enlightenment doctrines from his French tutor and belief in absolutist authority from his autocratic father; "liberator" of Europe |
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| architect of the peace at Congress of Vienna; grew up the son of an Austrian diplomat in the unstable patchwork of German states; arch conservative who readily resorted to harsh repressive tactics including secret policing and spying |
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| made up of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia (later France) |
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| general of the Rio de la Plata forces; led an extraordinary march across the Andes to confront loyalist forces and liberate Chile and Peru |
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| led a series of uprisings from Venezuela across to Bolivia; joined San Martin |
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| army officers; came from noble families and were members of elite regiments |
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| wrote Massacre at Chios; depicted only Turkish brutality; wrote Liberty Leading the People which represented Romanticism |
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| wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France; books became a point of reference for 19th century conservatives; argued for North American nation |
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| a commitment ot individual liberties or rights; protect liberties and that doing so would benefit all, promoting justice, knowledge, progress and prosperity |
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| defended the English Parliaments rebellion against absolutism and the "inalienable" rights of the British people; founder of liberalism |
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| wrote Wealth of Nations; attacked mercantilism in the name of free markets |
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| government practice of regulating manufacturing and trade in order to raise revenues |
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| 19th century system of thought of thought and a respone in large measure to the visible problems ushered in by industrialization |
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| a wealthy industrialist turned reformer; bought a large cotton factory in Scotland and proceeded to organize the mill and the surrounding town according the the principle of cooperation rather than profitability; called New Lanark |
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| a French politician and journalist, campaigned for universal male sufferage with an eye to giving working class men control of the state |
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| proposed establishing producers' cooperatives that would sell goods at a price workers could afford, working class credit unions and so on |
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| father of socialism; studied law at U of Berlin before returning to journalism; edited the Rhinland Gazette; sent into exile in Paris, Brussels, and London; |
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| a statement of Communist League principles; written by Karl Marx |
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| sought to develop national economies and national infrastructures |
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| Romantic; key themes were nature,simplicity, and feeling; |
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| name given to William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge |
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| wrote Prometheus Unbound which visually defines romantic heroism and its cult of individual audacity |
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| wrote Frankenstein; was the daughter of two radical literary celebrities, the philosopher William Godwin and the feminist Mary Wollstonecraft |
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| wrote Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables; focused sympathetically on the common people |
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| wrote Genius of Christianity; argued that the religious experiences of the national past were woven into the present and could not be unraveled without destroying the fabric of culture |
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| a block with what scholars discovered to be versions of the same text in three different languages and scripts: hieroglyphic writing, demotic and greek |
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| Johann Wolfgang von Goethe |
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| had an enormous influence on the Romantic movement and on German writers trying to cast off the French style and develop their own language and voice; wrote The Sorrows of Young Werther; wrote Faust |
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| considered himself a Classicist and was steeped in the principles of thei 18th century; lost his hearing |
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| new French regime which promoted King Louis Philippe as constitutional monarch, doubled the number of eligible voters |
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| reallocated 143 parliamentary seats, most of them from the rural south to the industrial north; |
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| called for universal male sufferage; institution of a secret ballot; abolition of property qualifications for membership in the House of Commons; annual parliamentary elections; payment of salaries to members of the House of commons; and equal electoral districts; formed from disappointment of the 1832 |
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| probably the worst of the entire century in terms of want and human suffering; from 1846-1847 |
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| a program of public works in and around Paris |
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| laborers, jouneymen, socialists, and some republican leaders defended themselves in an ultimately hopeless military battle against armed forces recruited from willing provincials eager enough to assist in the repression of the urban working class |
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| nephew of Napoleon; established the Second Empire and assumed the title of Napoleon III, emporer of the French |
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| a loose organization of thirty eight states, including Austria and Prussian but not their non German territories in sections of Poland and Hungary |
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| customs union; establish free trade among the German states and a uniform tariff against the rest of the world; advocated by Friedrich List |
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| succeeded to the Prussian throne; gestured toward liberalizing reforms |
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| the German nation should include as many Germans as possible |
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| left out all lands of the Habsburg empire including German Austria |
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| published transcripts of the parliamentary debates and distributed them to a broader public to protest the closed door policy of the empire's barely representative Diet (Parliament) |
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| Hungarian parliament abolished serfdom and ended noble privilege; established freedom of the press andof religion and changed the suffrage requirements, enfranchising small property holders |
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| new Austrian emperor asked Nicholas I of Russia for help; crushed Hungarian revolt |
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| governor of the breakaway province of Croatia who attacked Hungary; defeated by Kossuth and Hungarian forces |
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| reform minded ruler of Piedmont Sardinia; no commitment to creating an Italian national state but by virtue of economic power, location, and opposition to the Habsburgs, he played a central role in nationalist politics |
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| from the city of Genoa; founded Young Italy which was an anti-Austrian movement in favor of constitutional reforms and Italian unification; |
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| an investment banking institution that sold shares publicly and financed such enterprises as railroads, insurance and gas companies, the coal and construction industries, and the building of the Suez Canal |
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| presided over the project of the massive rebuilding of Paris |
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| shrewd Conservatives; argued that political life would be imporved not disrupted by including the aristocrats of labor |
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| wrote On Liberty; centurys most brilliant and committed influential defender of personal liberty |
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| wife of John Stuart Mill; wrote The Subjection of Women; argued what few could even contemplate: that women had to be considered individuals on the same plane as men, and that women's freedom was a measure of social progress |
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| was a guerilla fighter who had been exiled twice: first in Latin America where he fouth along the independence movement and again in the United States; leader of "The Thousand" or the volunteer fighters |
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| Count Camillo Benso di Cavour |
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| brought into Piedmont Sardinian government by King Victor Emmanuel II; pursued ambitious but pragmatic reforms guided by the state |
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| defined and limited the pope's status; an act promptly defied by the reigning pontiff, Pius IX, who refused to have anything to do with a disrespectful secular government |
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| wrote The Principles of Realpolitik Applied to the Conditions of Germany |
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| most closely associated with the deeply conservative Otto von Bismark whose skillful diplomacy and pwer politics played such an important role in German unification |
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| minister-president of Prussia; supported the monarchy during the Revolutionary period; fiercely opposed the liberal movement; not a nationalist |
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| stated that all Americans were citizens of the United States and not of an individual state or territory |
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| three way quarral between France, Russia, and Turkey devolved into a Russian confrontation with the Turkish sultan |
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| signaled a strict rejection of artistic "conventions" and ready made formulas in favor of what artists saw as more honest; objective; and authentic representations of the world |
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| first Russian novelist to become well known in Western Europe; wrote Fathers and Son |
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| the process of extending one state's control over another; a process that takes many forms |
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| colonialism; sometimes exercised by direct rule; annexing territories outright and establishing new governments to subjugate and administer other states and people |
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| refers to a more subtle and less visible exercise of power in which the stronger state allowed the weaker state to maintain its independence while reducing its sovereignty |
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| Scottish missionary who believed that the British conquest of Africa Africa would put an end to the East African slave trade |
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| British poet and novelist wrote of the "white man's burden", a notorious phrase that referred to the European mission to civilize the barbaric and heathen quarters of the globe |
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| now known as the Great Rebellion of 1857; uprising began near Delhi when the military disciplined a regiment of sepoys (Indian soldiers employed by the British) for refusing to use rifle cartridges greased with pork fat |
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| derived from the poppy plant; was one of the very few commodities that Europeans could sell in China and for this reason it became crucial to the balance of the East-West trade |
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| compelled the Chinese to give the British trading privileges, the right to reside in five cities and the port of Hong Kong in perpetuity |
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| an enormous bitter and deadly conflict in which radical Christian rebels in south central China challenged the authority of the emporers themselves |
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| bands of Boxers (trained in Chinese martial arts and believed to have spiritual powers) attacked foreign engineers, tore up railway lines, and marched on Beijing |
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| adopted by the British army and first used by British colonial troops; pelted out as many as 500 rounds a minute |
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| American newspaper and explorer who later became a British subject and a knight of the realm; hacked his way through the thick canopy jungle and territory where no European had previously set foot |
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| International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo |
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| set up in 1876; proceeded to sign treaties with local elites that opened the whole Congo river basin to commercial exploitation |
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| wrote the Heart of Darkness; publicized the arbitrary brutality and the vast scale of suffering in Congo |
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| diamond tycoon, colonial politician and imperial visionary made a fortune from the South African diamond mines |
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| wrote a massive tome on The Inequality of the Races |
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| Houston Stweart Chamberlain |
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| the son of a British admiral, tried to make Gobineau's theories more scientific tying them to the new scientific writing about evolution, Charles Darwin natural science, and Herbert Spencer's views about social evolution |
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| a British scientist who studied evolution explored how hereditary traits were communicated from generation to generation; used the term "eugenics" to refer to the science of improving the "racial qualities" of humanity through selective breeding of superior types |
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| An Anglo-Egyptian army commanded by General Horatio Kitchener sailed up the Nile and attacked Khartoum; they massacred the Mahdi's army |
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| Afrikaners took to the wilderness in commandos and fought a guerrilla war that lasted three years; |
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| German Social Democratic party |
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| first aimed for political change within Germany's parliamentary political system; adopted an explicitly Marxist platform-preparing a politically conscious working class for the imminent collapse of capitalism |
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| a distinct doctrine that did not call for terror but rather for mass forms of direct action including strikes and sabotage |
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| Clara Zetkin and Lily Braun |
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| believed that only a socialist revolution would free women from economic as well as political exploitation |
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| founded the Women's Social and Political Union which adopted tactics of militancy and civil disobedience |
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| threw herself in front of the Kings horse on Derby Day and was trampled to death protesting for womens rights |
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| municipal government appointed by Paris which refused to surrender to the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and also claimed to be the true government of France |
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| a successful anti-Semetic journalist who attributed all of the late 19th century France's problems to the baneful influence of an international Jewish conspiracy and labeled all of the right wing's enemies "Jewish"; wrote the newspaper La Libre Parole and book Jewish France |
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| a group of monarchist officers in the French army accused Alfred Dreyfus a Jewish captain of selling military secrets to the Germans; was convicted and stripped of his rank; Georges Picquart questioned the verdict and announced the documents were forgeries |
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| Hungarian born journalist working in Paris;endorsed Zionism; published The State of the Jews |
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| building a separate Jewish homeland outside of Europe |
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| believed that Russia needed to modernize on its own terms, not the West's; plotted the overthrow of tsarism |
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| revolutionary; preached unrelenting class struggle, the need for a coordinated revolutionary socialist movement throughout Europe, and the belief that Russia was passing into an economic stage that made it ripe for revolution |
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| a group of two hundred thousand workers and their families led by Father Gapon went to demonstrate their grievances at the tsar's winter palace in St. Petersburg; guard troops killed 130 demonstrators and wounded several hundred |
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| wrote on the Origin of Species; |
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| English philosopher and most famous Social Darwinist; coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" |
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| explained the type of behavior known as classical conditioning |
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| human behavior was largely motivated by unconcious and irrational forces |
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| believed society should abandon the burdens of cultural conformity and create and independent set of values based on artistic vision and strength of character |
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| developed new techniques without reference to past styles; organized their own independent ehibitions; impressionists |
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