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| Culture that ruled Rome prior to republic; ruled through powerful kings and well-organized armies |
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| the earliest code of Roman civil, criminal, and religious law, promulgated in 451-450 bc |
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1. An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.
2. A protector or champion of the people. |
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| A Roman general and dictator in the first century b.c. In military campaigns to secure Roman rule over the province of Gaul, present-day France, he gained much prestige. The Roman senate, fearing his power, ordered him to disband his army, but he refused, crossed the Rubicon River, returned to Rome with his army, and made himself dictator. On a subsequent campaign in Asia, he reported to the senate, “ I came, I saw, I conquered.” He was assassinated by his friend Brutus and others on the ides of March in 44 b.c. |
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| either of two annually elected chief magistrates of the Roman republic |
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| He was concerned with the shortage of military recruits, and attempted to create some reforms to improve the situation in Rome. ---- believed that the primary problems in Rome stemmed from the demise of the family farm, so he introduced policies to redistribute huge tracts of lands to the landless poor in the plebian assembly. The measures were passed, however it was likely too late to save Rome from the civil wars that would plague it in the coming years. Though ---- was popular with the plebians, his reform had major impacts on wealthy landowners in the senate, who conspired and eventually assassinated him. |
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| elected tribune in 123 - 122 BCE and carried the torch of reform passed on by his brother. --- restored the traditional judicial powers and quickened the redistribution of land. The reforms of he and his brother demonstrated the conflicts of interest between the powerful landed aristocracy and the poorer classes in Rome. |
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| A great landed estate, especially of the ancient Romans. |
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| Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts |
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| originally referred to a group of elite families in ancient Rome, including both their natural and adopted members. In the late Roman Empire, the class was broadened to include high council officials |
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| The Roman social class that included small farmers, merchants, and freed slaves. |
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| Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean. |
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| a major battle of the Second Punic War, taking place on August 2, 216 BC near the town of Cannae in Apulia in southeast Italy |
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| (c. 109-71 BC) was the most notable leader of the slaves in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic |
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| soldier and politican; a skilled soldier, he worked in Spain (Hispania) and gained wealth there; ---- served as quaestor, tribune, and, later, had his second consulship in 104 |
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| was a Roman general and politician, having the rare distinction of holding the office of consul twice as well as the dictatorship |
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| general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War; crossed the Alps and defeated the Romans but was recalled to defend Carthage and was defeated (247-182 BC) |
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| Roman general under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars; repudiated his wife for the Egyptian queen Cleopatra; they were defeated by Octavian at Actium (83-30 BC) |
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| the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic. It was fought between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. The battle took place on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the Roman colony of Actium in Greece |
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| Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC at Actium (63 BC - AD 14) |
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| Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Roman Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68) |
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| (Latin for "Roman peace") was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire in the first and second centuries AD. Since it was established by Caesar Augustus it is sometimes called Pax Augusta |
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| a collection of about 900 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1956 in eleven caves in and around the ruins of the ancient settlement of Khirbet Qumran on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea in Israel. |
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| the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel; from the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 587-86 BC when they were exiled to Babylonia |
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| was a priest from Alexandria, Egypt. His teachings about the nature of the Godhead, now referred to as Arianism, provoked great controversy within the fourth-century Church by asserting that the Son of God, incarnate as Jesus Christ, was not consubstantial |
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| one of the great Fathers of the early Christian church; after a dramatic conversion to Christianity he became bishop of Hippo Regius in North Africa; --- emphasized man's need for grace (354-430) |
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| letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in AD 313, shortly after the conclusion of the Diocletianic Persecution of Christians. |
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| Italian monk who founded the Benedictine order about 540 (480-547) |
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| Convened to settle a number of issues from a widespread Church that no longer faced the spectre of persecution. It formulated the Nicene Creed as an articulation of the teaching of the apostles and began to formalize the collection of apostolic writings which we call the New Testament. |
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| Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337) |
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| Roman Emperor who when faced with military problems decided in 286 to divide the Roman Empire between himself in the east and Maximian in the west; he initiated the last persecution of the Christians in 303 (245-313) |
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| king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy |
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| a Frankish military and political leader, who served as Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingian kings and ruled de facto during an interregnum (737–43) at the end of his life |
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| 2 April 742 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe |
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| a period of intellectual and cultural revival occurring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious |
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| a pledge of allegiance of one person to another. Typically the oath is made upon a religious object such as a Bible or saint's relic, thus binding the oath-taker before God. |
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| A unit of land held by a vassal from a lord in return for military service. ---s were conferred in an original grant, a grant which stipulated the conditions under which it could be transferred by marriage, inheritance, or under what conditions it would fall into default. |
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| (c. 390 - 2 September 459) was a Christian ascetic saint who achieved fame because he lived for 39 years on a small platform on top of a pillar near Aleppo in Syria. |
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| describes a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from various sorts of worldly pleasures often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals. |
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| (Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian Church whose major work was his translation of the Scriptures from Hebrew and Greek into Latin (which became the Vulgate); a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-420) |
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| Probably the most influential religious party among the Jews during the time of Jesus. They were extremely zealous in their commitment to the Law and to "the tradition of the Elders" - a body of ideas and code of conduct that had become at the time so complex it could only be mastered by trained |
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| one of the four sects of first century CE Judaism, this was the group of priests who promoted the Jerusalem Temple cult, believed in Torah alone, did not believe in angels or the resurrection of the dead, and who supported the control of Rome over Palestine |
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| was originally a political movement in first century Judaism which sought to incite the people of Iudaea Province to rebel against the Roman Empire and expel it from the holy land by force of arms, most notably during the Great Jewish Revolt (AD 66-70). |
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| one of the four sects of first century CE Judaism, this was a group of radical purists who led monastic lives in the desert near the Dead Sea and awaited God's salvation through two messiahs: a kingly (and warrior) messiah of David's line and a priestly messiah descended from Aaron |
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