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| Has wheel and large plow. They used scratch plow which was a stick connected to a mule. --- was able to dig down deep into the ground |
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| Leather strap with board that goes across the chest. ---- would not choke the horse. |
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| The practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons for various benefits such as to avoid the build up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped. |
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| Formed by the middle class, members of a --- would work similar hours, gave employees similar wages, produced goods of equal quality, and charged fair prices |
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| produce and craft producers visited towns to sell and showcase products. |
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| The record of the great survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086, executed for William I of England |
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| He would often go to Mt. Hira and pray. Had a revelation one day, calling it the “night of power”. Claimed he was the last prophet and that he came to correct the religion. |
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| City in which Mohammed moved to and dealt with blood feuds between tribes. He defeated the Meccans, while building a mosque. |
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| In 622, Muhammed and his followers go to Medina. This is year one in the Islamic calendar. |
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| Special revelation from God. Part of what makes up Islamic law. This deals with money, marriage, how men and women should act |
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| One of Muhammed’s faithful followers in Mecca. Son of Abu Talib. |
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| First Norman king of England. To press his claim to the English crown, he invaded England in 1066, leading an army of Normans, Bretons, Flemings, and Frenchmen to victory over the English forces of King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, and suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest. |
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| The first of the House of Plantagenet to rule England. Had to ask forgiveness from the pope because he killed Becket. |
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| Engaged in conflict with Henry II of England over the rights and privileges of the Church and was assassinated by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. |
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| Ruled much of central Asia and were the targets of the First Crusade. |
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| Called for a crusade at Clermont in 1095. Received a massive response |
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| Leading one of the five sections of the People's Crusade to the destination of their pilgrimage, he started (with 40,000 men & women) from Cologne in April, 1096, and arrived (with 30,000 men & women) at Constantinople at the end of July. |
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| Wealthy landlords bought church office positions for family members, controlled the wealth of church lands. People would donate land if they could get their child into a monastery. |
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| When you invest something for somebody, you are handing it over to them. Lord giving fief to his vassal. |
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| The Church clarifies the “sinful” situation by means of a formal announcement, which informs the laity that this is not a person to follow, and notifies the clergy that the person, by their own willful acts, has separated from the Church and is no longer to receive the sacraments, with the exception of Reconciliation if they turn from their ways. |
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| Known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the college of cardinals. |
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| Challenges Gregory VII, unified Germany in 1075. Excommunicated, but then repents at Canosa in 1077 and brought back into the church. After rebuilding an army, heinvades Italy and deposes Gregory, who is then put in jail and dies there. |
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| Taught theology, professors paid by the church, run by professors. |
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| Taught law. Students paid for everything. It was run by the students. Set rules for the professors. |
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| Chivalric hero was supposed to fall in love. Devoted his attention to a woman, sought to win her esteem. By loving her, he became a better person. It could be platonic or chaste, love at a distance. It could be within a marriage or an adulterous fair. |
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| The code that knights upheld that consisted of characteristics such as bravery, honesty, loyalty, generosity, skilled fighting, courtesy, well-spoken. Defeated the helpless. |
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| Only chivalric knights were invited to these. Outlawed kippers, a guy who carried a club and knocked out the guy who fell off his horse. |
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| Style of medieval literature intended to appeal to chivalric knights. |
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| Similar to Roman structures. Massive wall supporting barrel and grain vaults. Very thick wall supported the roofs. Small windows and little natural light. |
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| Pointed arch allowed for thinner walls. High ceilings and enormous windows. Flying buttresses. Stained glass depicting scenes from the Bible. |
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| Caused by the transmittance of the rat flea. The flea would bite the person and in one week, a black pustule develops (a bubo). This caused internal hemorrhaging and caused death in 60% of the cases. |
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| Can survive months without feeding, can live in almost any condition, thrives in warm humid conditions. The plague tended to spread rapidly in Spring and Summer but would stop in Winter. |
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| Men went out in public and whipped themselves to repent their sins. People would gather around and sing hymns, repenting their sins in hopes the plague would not come into the city and take their lives. |
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| During the Hundred Years’ War, he had a claim to the throne of France. Started the Hundred Years’ War. |
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| French peasant girl who saw visions telling her to be good and lead the French army. At 16, she met with the Dauphin of France. She led the army against the English at Orleans and won. She would then lead them to many victories, while dressed up as a warrior. Was captured by the English and abandoned by the French monarch. English paid for her ransom, tried her for heresy, and executed her at the stake in 1431. English accused her of being a witch because she dressed up as a man. |
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| Changed warfare. Cavalry proved to be less effective, and armies became less expensive. Was more advantageous than cross bow and short bow. It had the power of the cross bow and the speed of the short bow. |
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| Arrested Pope Boniface. Became very powerful and Boniface did not like this so --- cut off shipments of gold to Italy and Boniface was forced comply. |
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| Opposed the rise of Philip IV and tempted to rally the people against him, allowed taxation of clergy, gave power to the kings. |
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| The time period in which the papacy moved to France. |
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| Tried to elect a pope that everyone liked so that they could move the papacy moved back to Rome but no one liked the elected pope. |
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| Four popes at once. Ended with the election of Martin V. Strengthened the central power, lessened papal power. |
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| Three part poem about heaven, hell, and purgatory, also political comedy. |
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| king of Uruk. Son of a human father and the goddess Ninsun, drives his subjects too hard. Found out you cannot cheat death after Enkidu could not come back to life. |
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| A large building used for worship |
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| Babylonian king who developed a code that offers insights into moral values, class structure, gender relationships and roles of kingship and religion |
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| The goddess and the personification of truth and justice. Her ostrich feather represents truth. |
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| belief that there were forces of dark and light that were always in conflict |
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| Soldiers called Heplites. Wore metal skirts, helmets, shinguards, shield, spear. Would form in rows. |
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| only woman Pharoah. Believed she was the direct descent of Ra |
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| fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by Sparta, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I over the course of three days, during the second Persian invasion of Greece |
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| Coalition of Greek city-states who swear a pact to offer assistence to each other. City-states would give all their money for triomeres: ship with 3 rows of oarsmen. Island of Delos was the treasury |
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| Started by the Delian League, rivalry with Sparta, competition for city-states, desire for freadom, fear of enemy. Sparked by the Corinthians call for help. Sparta wins after epidemic in Athens. |
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Introduced limited acreage land reform. Accused of trying to be a dictator.
---brother. Puts forth same land reform as well as subsidized grain prices. Introduced violence and class tension. |
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| Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus: |
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| Army pledged oath to him instead of state. Improved buildings and expanded empire. Gladiatorial games began. |
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| thought he was fantastic at poetry, extremely vain. Murdered his family to remove threat of conspiracy against him. Blamed Christians for the burning of Rome. Commits suicide after realizing he has no control. End of Julian-Claudian dynasty. |
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| Son of Pepin the Short. Conquered the Lombards, moves into Germany and conquers Bavaria, Saxons, and North Spain (song of Roland). Divides up region into 250 states and appointed leaders who would report what happens in that region. Believed that central institutions is what makes government work. Coronated at mass on Christmas day by the pope. |
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| Left college life and goes to Subiaco. Founds monastery on Mount Cassino. Advised his monks on the attitudes and conduct necessary to live a virtuous Christian life. |
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Monarchy: a king
Oligarchy: overthrow king, rule of elite
Tyranny: voice for the people, then serves himself
Democracy: rule by the people |
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| four stages in the political development of Greek city-states |
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| The reasons for persecution of the church were different religions, Christians rising up, and different goals of state. This occurred under Nero, Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, and Diocletian. Taught about different kingdom (heaven) and were citizens of a different land and served a different god. |
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| Why did the early church face persecutions in Rome and under which rulers did these occur |
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| Why did the Pope agree to crown Pepin, and why did Pepin need his help? |
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The kingdom became a patchwork of ruling of descendants/nobility. As well as poor administration and small estates, this is why the Merovingian dynasty broke up. Charles Martel, mayor of the palace, stopped muslim invasion at the Battle of Tours. Was able to unify kingdom. Pepin the Short took the title of king and ended the Merovingian king. Pope agreed to make Pepin king under 3 conditions:
• Help Boniface convert Germans
• Reorganize the church on France and Roman officials appointed to lead church in France
• Donation of Pepin – the Papal States |
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| Be able to describe the economic and social developments that characterized feudal society. |
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| Relationship between vassal and lord was built on mutual obligation. Lord would give vassal gift. Lord would offer protection to vassal. Vassal had responsibility to fight for the lord when asked. Vassal also needed to offer advice to lord in court. King > Counts > Dukes > Knights. Commendation: where oath or pledge is made. This would happen in a church. |
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| Be able to explain the causes of the Peloponnesian War, how it was fought, and its significance. |
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| The Delian League, rivalry with Sparta, competition for city-states, desire for freedom, fear of an enemy. The spark was Corinthians call for help. Sparta left and started the Peloponnesian League. |
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| Be able to explain the decline of the Merovingian Dynasty and the rise of the Carolingian Empire. |
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Definition
The kingdom became a patchwork of ruling of descendants/nobility. As well as poor administration and small estates, this is why the Merovingian dynasty broke up. Charles Martel, mayor of the palace, stopped muslim invasion at the Battle of Tours. Was able to unify kingdom. Pepin the Short took the title of king and ended the Merovingian king. Pope agreed to make Pepin king under 3 conditions:
• Help Boniface convert Germans
• Reorganize the church on France and Roman officials appointed to lead church in France
• Donation of Pepin – the Papal States |
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| Be familiar with the rule of Charlemagne and his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor. |
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| Charlemagne is son of Pepin the Short. Conquered Lombards, moves into Germany and conquers Bavaria, Saxons, and Norht Spain (song of Roland). Divides up region into 250 states and appointed leaders who would report what happens in that region. Believed that central institutions is what makes government work. Coronated at mass on Christmas day by the pope but did not know it was going to happen. The Carolingian Empire broke up because it was divided among the children and because of muslim, Magyar, and Viking invasions. |
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| Know the five pillars of Islam and their significance. |
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1. Witnessing to the unity of God and the prophethead of Muhammed.
- The Quran: Special revelation from God
- Hadith: Actions of Muhammed that were recorded and gave direction in peoples lives.
- Quran and Hadith make up Islamic law. This deals with money, marriage, how men and women act.
2. Ritual prayer
- They are required to pray five times a day
- They face the Qibla
3. Alms giving
- 2% of income
4. Fasting during Ramadan
- Everyone must fast except pregnant women or children
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca
- All are obligated except those not able to make the trip |
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| Be able to explain the innovations that caused the agrarian revolution and the effects it had on European life. Also, the other factors that contributed to the growth of the European population. |
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| The development of the heavy plow allowed more effective tilling of the ground and the invention of the collar harness allowed for the effective use of horses in farming procedures. Furthermore, the three field system allowed for more food to be grown without exhausting and ruining the soil. This resulted in a dramatic increase in food supply which in turn allowed for the support of larger populations, and created a healthier economy. |
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| Know the effects that the development of trade and guilds had on medieval life, and know how they, along with the agrarian revolution, led to the decline of the feudal system. |
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| With vegetables they had better health and more food was available because of the warming of the earth’s climate. There was also a drop in invasions and a decrease in the use of slaves. The serfs were given more freedom because they did not have incentive to make their lord more wealthy so the lord had to give them more land to clear and more time to clear it, thus handing them more freedom. |
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| Be able to explain who the Normans were, William the Conqueror’s invasion and rule of England, and the state structures that characterized England before and after the conquest. |
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| Viking invaded Europe and left once they pillaged. French gave them land to protect. Three claims: Harold Godwinson (Anglo-saxon), Harold Hardrada (Norwegian), William the Conqueror (Normandy). William runs into bad winds, late, Hardrada sets up. English defeat Normans at Battle of Stamford bridge. Normans defeat the Anglo-saxons at the Battle of Hastings because Harold Godwinson died. William the Conqueror reduced the power of a lot of local authorities, created the Domesday Book. Strenghthened central government, strengthened the army in order to compete against larger powers. |
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| Be able to explain the circumstances in which the Magna Carta came into being and its significance. |
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| Magna Carta was designed to hold the kings to a standard. The 1215 Charter required King John of England to proclaim certain liberties, and accept that his will was not arbitrary, for example by explicitly accepting that no "freeman" (in the sense of non-serf) could be punished except through the law of the land, a right which is still in existence today. Paved the first step in civil equality. |
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