Term
| What is the structure of skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| muscles are composed of smaller unit bundles each encased in a connective tissue sheath |
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Term
| What surrounds the fiber (individual muscle cell)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What surrounds the fascicle (bundle of fibers)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What surrounds the muscle (bundle of fascicles)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the collective connective tissures of the endomyseum, perimyseum, and epimyseum |
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Term
| What is the neurovascular bundle? |
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Definition
| the nerves and blood vessels that deliver the electrical impulses and blood to a skeletal muscle |
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Term
| What are the four types of muscle attachments? |
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Definition
1. tendon
2. aponeurosis
3. fleshy attachment
4. dermal attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| extension of connective tissure sheaths forming a cord-like attachment to a bone |
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Term
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Definition
| white, sometimes shiny connective tissue sheets which act like broad, flat tendons to attach muscle |
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Term
| What is a fleshy attachment? |
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Definition
| muscle fibers continue almost to the bone, there is very little connective tissue; muscle appears almost "flush" with the bone |
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Term
| What is a dermal attachment? |
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Definition
| muscle fibers that attach to the connective tissue of the dermis of the skin (muscles of facial expression); anchor onto deeper surfaces of the dermis and can therefore move the overlaying skin |
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Term
| What is galea aponeurotica? |
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Definition
| aponeurosis overlying the skull that connects the frontalis muscle and the occipitalas muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| fleshy attachment responsible for chewing |
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Term
| What are the different types of fascicle arrangement? |
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Definition
-circular
-convergent
-fusiform
-parallel
-pennate |
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Term
| Describe the circular fascicle arrangement. |
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Definition
| concentric rings that form structures called sphincters |
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Term
| Describe the convergent fascicle arrangement. |
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Definition
| broad origin fibers that converge into a tendon, producing a fan-like shape |
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Term
| Describe the fusiform fascicle arrangement. |
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Definition
| spindle-shaped with the muscle belly being wider than the origin and insertion |
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Term
| Describe the parallel fascicle arrangement. |
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Definition
-strap-like muscle whose fibers run parallel to each other
-capable of shortening quite a bit, therefore producing a wide range of motion at the joints they cross |
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Term
| Describe the pennate fascicle arrangement. |
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Definition
-pack a lot of fibers into the muscle, therefore a lot of power
-have a central tendon running length of muscle |
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Term
| Describe the three types of pennate fascicle arrangements. |
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Definition
multipennate-formed like a bundle of feathers, all feeding into one central tendon
bipennate-looks like feather with fibers extending off both sides of central tendon
unipennate-fibers only extend off one side of central tendon |
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Term
| What is the origin of a muscle? |
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Definition
| the proximal attachment that is most stable (immovable) |
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Term
| What is the insertion of a muscle? |
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Definition
| the distal attachment that is freely mobile; generally moves towards the insertion |
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Term
| What motion will be produced if the muscle crosses on the anterior side of a joint? |
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Definition
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Term
| What motion will be produced if the muscle crosses on the posterior side of a joint? |
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Definition
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Term
| What axis and plane does flexion/extension occur in? |
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Definition
| medial/lateral axis and the sagittal plane |
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Term
| What axis and plane does abduction/adduction occur in? |
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Definition
| antero-posterior and the frontal plane |
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Term
| What axis and plane does rotation occur in? |
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Definition
| longitudinal and horizontal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| an elongated rigid object that rotates around a fixed point |
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Term
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Definition
| a fixed point around which the levers will rotate |
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Term
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Definition
| the weight located at some point of the lever that will be overcome by the effort |
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Term
| What is the force/effort? |
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Definition
| effort applied to the lever to overcome a weight/load |
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Term
| What is a first class lever? |
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Definition
| fulcrum is between load and effort |
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Term
| What are examples of a first class lever? |
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Definition
| scissors and when chin rests on chest and you life head |
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Term
| What is a second class lever? |
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Definition
| load is between fulcrum and effort |
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Term
| What are examples of a second class lever? |
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Definition
| wheelbarrow and metotarsalphalangeal joint supports weight while achilles tendon is the effort |
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Term
| What is a third class lever? |
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Definition
| effort is between load and fulcrum |
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Term
| What are examples of a third class lever? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of lever is the most common in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a prime mover (agonist)? |
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Definition
| the most effective muscle in causing movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the opposite of the agonist, reverse movement |
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Term
| What is an example of agonist and antagonist? |
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Definition
shoulder flexion: pectoralis major (agonist)
shoulder extension: latissimus dorsi (antagonist) |
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Term
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Definition
| "helper" of prime mover and reduces undesirable movement |
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Term
| What is a fixator or stabilizer? |
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Definition
| anchors, steadies or supports a bone or body part so that an active muscle has a "firm bone" on which to pull |
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Term
| What is a muscle contraction controlled by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the premotor cortex's role in muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| involved in planning and altering the initiation to move |
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Term
| What is the primary motor cortex's role in muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| generates the actual electrical impulse |
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Term
| What is the difference between cranial and spinal nerves? |
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Definition
nerves that innervate the face are cranial
nerves that innervate extremities are spinal |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual alpha neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates |
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Term
| Why is breaking up the innervation a good idea? |
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Definition
| it allows for different segments of nerve to receive action potential and remain active therefore giving use to only a few muscle fibers and not overly giving impulses |
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Term
| What is the neuromuscular junction made of? |
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Definition
| the motor end plate and motor nerve ending |
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Term
| What is the motor end plate? |
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Definition
| folded part of the muscle cell plasma membrane |
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Term
| What is the motor nerve ending? |
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Definition
| terminal bouton that interfaces with the motor end plate to transfer the action potential from one structure to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| the sense of knowing where your body is in space |
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Term
| What are golgi tendon organs? |
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Definition
| embedded in the musculotendonouse junctions and also within tendons that transmit different signals to cause either muscle contractions or relaxations |
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Term
| What is the difference between afferent and efferent? |
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Definition
afferent --> to brain
efferent --> from brain |
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