Term
| 2. What is the appendicular skeleton and how many bones does it contain? |
|
Definition
| Upper and lower limbs including pelvis. 126. |
|
|
Term
| 2. What is the Axial skeleton composed of? |
|
Definition
Skull (neurocranium, facial skeleton).
Thoracic Cage (ribs, sternum)
Vertebral Column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal).
Hyoid Bone |
|
|
Term
| 2. What is the fontanelle? |
|
Definition
| area of fibrous tissue - future site for intramembranous bone formation (soft spot on baby's head) |
|
|
Term
| 2. How can a fontanelle be used to diagnose a baby? |
|
Definition
Overly soft: dehydration
Overly hard: intracranial pressure |
|
|
Term
| 2. How many bones make up the neurocranium? Facial Skeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Help to condition inspired air. |
|
|
Term
| 2. What muscles attach to the facial skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Muscles of mastication. Muscles of facial expression do not. |
|
|
Term
| 2. How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2. What are the vertebral regions and how many vertebrae do they contain? |
|
Definition
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (4) |
|
|
Term
| 2. What is kyphosis and what regions does it do to the spine? |
|
Definition
| Hunching. Outward curvature of the spine. Thoracic and sacral. |
|
|
Term
| 2. What is lordosis and what regions does it do to the spine? |
|
Definition
| Arched. Inward curvature of the spine. Cervical and lumbar. |
|
|
Term
| 2. What are the 6 degrees of freedom the spine experiences? |
|
Definition
| Flexion. Rotation. Extension. Compression. Lateral flexion. Tension. |
|
|
Term
| 2. What are intervertebral discs (IVD)? |
|
Definition
| They are located between 2 vertebrae and contribute to 20-25% of VC length. They aid movement and act as shock absorbers. |
|
|
Term
| 2. What is the outer ring of IVDs? |
|
Definition
| Annulus fibrosis: concentric lamellae (fibrocartilage) |
|
|
Term
| 2. What is the inner ring? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus pulposus: hydrophilic, GAGs (gelationous ball) |
|
|
Term
| 2. What is the thoracic cage made up of? |
|
Definition
| 12 vertebrae (T1-T12), 12 pairs or ribs and sternum. |
|
|
Term
| 2. What is the role of the thoracic cage? |
|
Definition
| Protects the cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems. Muscles attach and help breathing. |
|
|
Term
| 2. What muscles are involves in breathing? |
|
Definition
Diaphragm is the main one (quiet breathing).
Internal, external and innermost intercostal muscles are used in forced breathing? |
|
|
Term
| 2. What do intercostal muscles do? |
|
Definition
| Increase thoracic cavity volume. |
|
|
Term
| 2. Define the pectoral girdle |
|
Definition
| Made up of the clavical and scapular (sternoclavicular joint) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2. What is the coracoid process? |
|
Definition
| Hook-like structure on the LATERAL edge of the SUPERIOR ANTERIOR portion of the SCAPULA. Stabilises shoulder joint. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shallow pyriform on the LATERAL edge of the SCAPULA that articulates with the head of the humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ANTERIOR face has a broad concavity to which the subscapularis muscles attach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concave depression of the POSTERIOR of scapula. Suprinatus muscles attach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concave depression on POSTERIOR side, below the spine. Infranspinatus muscles attach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prominant project on the POSTERIOR side of scapula that seperates the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extends LATERALLY over the shoulder joint with the CORACOID PROCESS. Articulates with the clavicle (acromioclavical). |
|
|
Term
| List the rotator cuff muscles |
|
Definition
Suprastinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis |
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of the rotator cuff muscles? |
|
Definition
| Reinforce joint capsule. Help to hold head of humerus against glenoid cavity. Muscles attach to the tubercles of humerus. |
|
|
Term
| Which bones are involved in the elbow joint and what kind of joint is it? |
|
Definition
| Hinge joint. HUmerus, radius, ulna. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trochlea of humerus and trochlea notch of ulna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capitulum and radial head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radial notch (of ulna) and radial head. Suprination and pronation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the elbow joint capsule? |
|
Definition
| Thin and loose anteriorly and posteriorly to allow for flexion and extension. Reinforced by two collateral ligaments (ulna and radial) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the annular ligament and its function |
|
Definition
| attached to the margin of the trochlear notch of the ulna, and it encircles the head of the radius, functioning to keep the head in contact with the radial notch of the ulnar during pronation/suprination. Prevents inferior dislocation. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the movements that occur at the elbow and the joints involved. |
|
Definition
FLEXION/EXTENSION at the humeroulna and humeroradial joints.
PRONTATION/SUPRINATION at the proximal radio-ulnar joints. |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles act on the elbow joint? |
|
Definition
| Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Triceps Brachii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 heads (bi)
chief suprinator
elbow flexor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| painful inflammation of tendons surrounding an epicondyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of wrist flexors at the medial epicondyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the wrist extensors at the lateral epicondyle |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 tissue types? |
|
Definition
| Connectice, neural, muscular, epithelial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone, cartilage, fat, tendons, ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Where is CT derived from? |
|
Definition
| Mesenchymal pluripotent stems of the embryonic mesoderm. |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the different type of CT? |
|
Definition
| The abundence and type of ECM and cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 functions of CT? |
|
Definition
Packaging dividing
Space filling
Energy storage
Providing support |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells in CT? |
|
Definition
Fibroblasts (most abundant)
Lipoblasts
Myofibroblasts
Mast cells
Macrophages
Plasma cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
'Factories' that produce and excrete the components of the ECM and collagen.
Very robust and resist damaging stimuli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fat derivitives. They mature inot adipocytes which store fat, source of energy and provide insulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contain actin which enables them to contract.
Involved in shrinkage of scar tissue, also secrete collagen upon tissue damage.
In between fibroblast and a SMC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a cell filled with basophil granules.
secrete herapin (anticogulant) and histamine (inflammatory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immune cells that produce lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
| What does the ECM contain? |
|
Definition
structural carbohydrate
structural proteins
fibres
all bathed in a ground substance (a clear, colourless fluid) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 functions of the ECM? |
|
Definition
prevents cells moving around
regulate the movement of cells
some ECM attracts water, which can give structure
contain structural carbs, proteins and fibres |
|
|
Term
| What are glycosaminoglycans? (GAGs) |
|
Definition
structural carbohydates
large unbranched polysaccharide chains
produced by fibroblasts and ejected into ECM
negative charge due to addtion of S)3- (except haluronic acid)
Divided into 4 groups
Hydrophilic (retains water and na+)
forms covalent bongs with long protein to form proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GAGs covalently bonded to long proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of GAGs |
|
Definition
Mechanical support
Regulate activites of cellular signals
Facilitate cellular interactions
Communicate with intracellular components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Structural protein
Glycoprotein
Exists as a dimer
Dimers are joined by a pair of disulphide bonds
Important in adhering cells to the ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CT fibre
long stiff unbranched triple helix
secreted by fibroblasts as single alpha chains
3 alpha chains combine to form a collagen firbil in the ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CT fibre
750 amino acids
Allows skins, blood vessels and lungs to stretch
secreted as individual elastin molecules by fibroblasts
assembles into elastic fibres in ECM where cross links form |
|
|
Term
| What are the similarities between collagen and elastin? |
|
Definition
| Both secreted as individual chains by fibroblasts into the ECM where they assemble into respected molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 fibrocollagenous CT and what are they dependent on? |
|
Definition
Dense, Areolar/Loose, Reticular.
Abundance and type of the ECM and cell |
|
|
Term
| Describe Dense regular CT |
|
Definition
EG Tendon
parallel collagen fibres
withstands force from one direction |
|
|
Term
| Describe Dense irregular CT |
|
Definition
eg dermis of the skin
interwoven collagen and elastic fibres
withstands force from multiple directions |
|
|
Term
| Describe Areolar/loose CT |
|
Definition
Eg submucosa of the intestine
Abundant ground substance
some collagen and elastin fibres
many cell types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eg. organs with high cellularity (liver)
Reticulin fibrs form the fine network around epithelial cells
Provides framework for specialised cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesenchymal progenitor cells that secrete ECM and fibres (always aggrecan). They will become trapped in it and mature into chondrocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell which has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it. |
|
|
Term
| How does cartilage get its nutrients? |
|
Definition
| Via diffusion. CARTILAGE IS AVASCULAR. |
|
|
Term
| Where would you find hyaline cartilage? What is it like? |
|
Definition
| Nose, ribs, ends of nose, joint surfaces. Lots of aggrecan. Fairly flexible. |
|
|
Term
| Where would you find elastic cartilage? What is it like? |
|
Definition
Ear, epiglottis.
Flexible but returns to the same shape. |
|
|
Term
| Where would you find fibrocartilage? What is it like? |
|
Definition
IVD and knee joint.
Lots of collagen.
Areas of high impact.
Resilient. |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells involved in bones? |
|
Definition
| Osteoprogenitor cells then osteoblast then osteocytes. |
|
|
Term
| What are osteoprogenitor cells? |
|
Definition
| stem cell that gives rise to osteoblasts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They carry out osteogenesis (process of making bone matrix).
Once they have produced the matrix, the become entombed in it and differentiate into osteocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mature bone cells.
Connected to other osteocytes via long processes that form gap junctions. |
|
|
Term
| How do bones get nutrients? |
|
Definition
| via a plentiful blood supply which serves to supply the osteocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They are derived from macrophages,
Involved in bone remodelling and reshaping.
Giant multinucleated cells that resorb the osteoid (ECM). |
|
|
Term
| What are the two different bone types? |
|
Definition
| Outer compact bone and inner spongy bone. |
|
|
Term
| What does compact bone make up and what is it made up of? |
|
Definition
Forms the outershell of all bone and shafts in long bones.
Resists weight and movement stress.
Made up of osteons (rod like units that run longitudually within the bone). |
|
|
Term
| What do the osteons surround in compact bone? |
|
Definition
| A central canal that has a longitudal artery and vein that delivers nutrients and removed waste products from the tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What is spongy tissue mad eup of and where is it located? |
|
Definition
Irregular lattice known as trabaculae.
Located in places where stress is received from multiple directions that reduce skeleton weight. |
|
|
Term
| What is Ricketts caused from? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin D deficiency and/or impaired metabolism or hypocalcemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bone softening (bow legs)
increased likelihood of fractures
dental problems/soft skull |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Ricketts? |
|
Definition
Improved diet (ca2+, P-, Vit D)
Vit D supplements
Sunlight |
|
|
Term
| What is Ehlers Danlos Syndrome? |
|
Definition
Inherited CT disorder caused by a defect in collagen synthesis.
Mild-life threatening
No cure |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 body cavities? |
|
Definition
Dorsal (houses and protects the CNS)
Ventral (houses the internal organs) |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the two cavities within the dorsal cavity? |
|
Definition
Cranial (surrounds brain)
Vertebral (surrounds spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two cavities within the ventral cavity and what separates them? |
|
Definition
Thorax and abdominopelvic.
Diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What 6 organs are in the abdominal cavity? |
|
Definition
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Spleen
Liver
Gall bladder |
|
|
Term
| What are the R/L regions of the abdominopelvic cavity (from top to bottom)? |
|
Definition
Hyperchondriac
Lumbar
Iliac |
|
|
Term
| What are the middle regions of the abdominopelvic cavity (from top to bottom) |
|
Definition
Epigastric
Umbilical
Pelvic/Hypogastric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity that reduced the friction between the abdominal organs. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two peritoneums and how do they differ? |
|
Definition
Visceral covers the external surface of most digestive organs.
Parietal lines the body wall. |
|
|
Term
| What is the peritoneal cavity? |
|
Definition
| a potential space between the visceral and parietal peritonea filled with a small amount of peritoneal fluid. |
|
|
Term
| What is the peritoneal fluid composed of? |
|
Definition
water
electrolytes
antibodies
WBCs |
|
|
Term
| What are the regions of the stomach |
|
Definition
| cardiac, fundus, body and pyloric region |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the stomach? |
|
Definition
- temporary food storage
- acid secretion and antibacterial action
- liquefaction of stomach contents
- preliminary enzymatic digestion |
|
|
Term
| What are the regions of the small intestine and where do they join other organs? |
|
Definition
- duodenum (attached to pylourus of duodenum)
- Jejunum
- Ileum (joins large intestine at ileocaecal juntion) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the large intestine consist of? |
|
Definition
| caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
- water absorption
- formation of faecal mass
- secretion of mucus |
|
|
Term
| What are the sections of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the pancreas do? |
|
Definition
- secrete enzymes into the duodenum to assist food digestion
- secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels |
|
|
Term
| How to enzymes leave the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| They drain via the pancreatic duct, Sphincter of Oddi and enter the duodenum at the major duodenum papilla (with bile from the gall bladder via the common bile duct). |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the liver? |
|
Definition
Nutrient store
converts fats to energy
produces bile and albumin
assists in blood clotting
toxin breakdown |
|
|
Term
| Describe livers blood supply |
|
Definition
Hepatic artery (oxygenated) and hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated).
Drainage from HPV which then drains into the inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What is the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
| organ that concentrates and stored bile produced from the liver |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 bones that makes up the pelvis |
|
Definition
Left innominate
Right innominate
Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What is each innominate made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pelvic divisions and what separates them? |
|
Definition
| Greater pelvis and lesser pelvis, seperated by the pelvic brim/inlet |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the 3 parts of the unterine/fallopian tubes |
|
Definition
Laterally (infundibulum)
Ampulla (usual fertilisation site)
Isthmus (narrow part) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the uterus? |
|
Definition
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
(out to in) |
|
|
Term
| What are uterine fibroids? |
|
Definition
| non cancerous uterine growths (variable size and location) |
|
|
Term
| When is the uterus usually damaged? and why |
|
Definition
When pregnant.
Uterus enlarges and rises out of pelvis
can obstruct the inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| How does a mother adapt to prevent injury? |
|
Definition
increased blood volume to protect from hypovolemic shock
uterus is thick and muscular and distributes force of trauma uniformally to fetus |
|
|
Term
| What are the male glands and what do they produce? |
|
Definition
seminal vescile -> seminal fluid
prostate -> produces prostatic fluid
bulbaretural -> produces pre-ejaculate |
|
|
Term
| What is the spermatic cord and what does it include? |
|
Definition
Attaches scrotum to the body
-ductus deferens
- blood vessels
-nerves
(enclosed in a muscular sheath) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the ejaculatory pathway |
|
Definition
testes -> ductus deferens (and seminal vesicles) -> ejaculatory ducts -> prostatic/membranous urethra -> penis
TRAV picks up DANA AND SAM and EATS DOMINOS, they PULL UP at the MEET UP and PARTY |
|
|
Term
| Describe the composition of semen |
|
Definition
Sperm (2-5%)
Semen (65-75%)
Prostatic fluid (25-30%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to cut off bad prostate
Resectoscope enters urethra and electrical currents heats the hoop to cut parts off.
Water is flushed through to remove pieces. |
|
|
