Term
| Describe a membrane structure |
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Definition
| Phospholipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic heads and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails |
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Term
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Definition
| make membranes and store energy |
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Term
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Definition
| structures, enzymes, channels |
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Term
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Definition
| energy storage, structure and adhesion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ECF made up of? |
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Definition
| Interstitial fluid and plasma |
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Term
| What makes up the hindbrain? |
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Definition
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Term
| what functions does the hindbrain take over? |
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Definition
controls heart rate, breathing, gut motility, swallowing
parasympathetic NS
movement (cerebellum) |
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Term
| what makes up the midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
| what functions does the midbrain take over |
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Definition
movement
relation of movement to vision and sound |
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Term
| what makes up the forebrain |
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Definition
thalamus
hypothalamus
cerebrum |
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Term
| what functions does the forebrain take over |
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Definition
homeostatis/hormone production
processing centre |
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Term
| Describe the somatic NS pathway |
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Definition
VOLUNTARY
-signals sent from the cortex
- axon synapse in the spinal cord
- motor nerve carries signals to the skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Describe the autonomic NS pathway |
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Definition
INVOLUNTARY
-signals arise from the nuclei of the medulla, pons and thalamus
- they project via at least one synapse to target organs |
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Term
| Describe the sympathetic nervous system pathway |
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Definition
-nerves arise from the spinal cord
-synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia
- post synaptic neurons use noradrenaline |
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Term
| Describe the parasympathetic nervous system pathway |
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Definition
-nerves arise from the brainstem and sacral region of spine
-synapse in ganglia close to their target organs
-postsynaptic transmitter is acetylcholine |
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Term
| What elements are you made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much % water are you? |
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Definition
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Term
| what % fat are men and women? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you were 70kg, how many L would be water? how much of that would be ECF and ICF? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| eukaryotes contain membrane bound nucleus and a number of specialised organelles |
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Term
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Definition
sER -> makes lipid based molecules and new membranes are synthesised
rER -> docking sites for ribosomes. Site of synthesis of membrane proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| protein complex that destroys proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| special vesicles containing destructive enzymes |
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Term
| what are the 3 responses to acid-base challenge? |
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Definition
buffering (bicarb, phosphate, protein)
respiratory
renal |
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Term
| describe respiratory compensation |
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Definition
excess co2 blown off from lungs
fast but partial |
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Term
| describe renal compensation (5) |
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Definition
secretion of protons or bicarb into urine
retention of bicarb
creation of new bicarb
excretion of ammonia
regulation of other buffers |
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Term
| where is new bicarb made? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| describe respiratory acidosis |
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Definition
respiratory system unable to clear co2
impaired ventilation |
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Term
| describe respiratory alkolosis |
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Definition
co2 deficit
hyperventilation |
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Term
| describe metabolic acidosis |
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Definition
creation/ingestion of acids
loses bicarbonate/unable to secrete protons
diarrhoea |
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Term
| describe metabolic alkalosis |
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Definition
loss of acid
ingestion of excess alkali
vomitting/ingestion of antiacids. |
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Term
| Major cation and anion in ICF? What is the protein conc? |
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Definition
Potassium, phosphate and protein.
HIGH |
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Term
| Major cation and anion in ECF? What is the protein conc? |
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Definition
Sodium, chloride.
Plasma: High
Interstitial fluid: low |
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Term
| Name two small, uncharged molecules carried in the plasma: |
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Definition
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Term
| What does oral rehydration solution contain? Why? |
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Definition
| Sugar, salt, and water: salt and sugar are cotransported across the gut wall, pulling water with them (also other trace nutrients, which vary with different ORS’s) |
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Term
| Where does an osmotic pressure exist? |
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Definition
| exists between two fluid compartments with different solute concentrations, if they are separated by a semipermeable membrane. |
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Term
| What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution? Why? |
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Definition
| Since the concentration of water is higher within the cell, there is a net movement of water from inside to outside of the cell. (water leaves the cell by osmosis)• Causes the cell to shrink as its internal pressure decreases. |
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Term
| What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution? Why? |
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Definition
| Since the concentration of water is higher outside the cell, there is a net movement of water from outside into the cell.• Cell gains water, swells and the internal pressure increases. Eventually burst (haemolysis). |
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Term
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Definition
| lower solute concentration and more water concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentration with higher solute concentration and less water concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Solution in which water molecule and solute molecule are equal in concentration. |
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Term
| What happens to cells in a isotonic solution? Why? |
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Definition
| Water diffuses into and out of the cell at equal rates.- There’s no net movement of water across the plasma membrane- The cells retain their normal shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Oncotic pressure, or colloid osmotic pressure, is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system. |
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Term
| What causes oncotic pressure? |
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Definition
| Capillaries allow most solutes to cross, but retain proteins within the plasma. This then exerts a special type of osmotic pressure |
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Term
| At the beginning of a capillary, the _______ pressure exceeds the _______ pressure, so there is net ________ . |
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Definition
hydrostatic
oncotic
filtration |
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Term
| By the end, it has dropped below the ______ pressure, and there is net ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the concentration of sodium inside cells much lower than it is outside? |
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Definition
| Because it is pumped out by the Na,K ATPase . |
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Term
| Cells contain potassium channels in their membranes. Why doesn’t all the potassium empty out of them again? |
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Definition
| As K+ leaves the cell, the inside gains a negative charge. This tends to draw cations (like K+) back into the cell |
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Term
| What are the three main buffers and what do they buffer? |
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Definition
bicarbonate ECF
phosphate ICF
protein BOTH |
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Term
| Which one of these can be modified by breathing faster? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperventilation will remove CO2 from the body, thus causing .... |
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Definition
| carbonic acid to break down into CO2 and water |
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Term
| What other organ is a major regulator of body acid-base balance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Consuming a meal high in salt will... |
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Definition
| result in a temporary increase in blood volume because the ability of your kidneys to remove the water has been reduced. |
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Term
| Osmotic pressure forces... |
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Definition
forces water to move across a semipermeable membrane.
forces water to move toward the higher solute concentration.
can be opposed by hydrostatic pressure. |
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Term
| What is the normal plasma sodium concentration of body fluid composition? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal plasma potssium concentration of body fluid composition? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of total body mass does plasma represent? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much volume is interstitial fluid in a 70kg man? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs in chronic dehydration? what happens to the intracellular fluid? |
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Definition
water is lost from all compartments
becomes concentrated |
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Term
| Describe the membrane of cytoskeletal components and proteasomes |
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Definition
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Term
| Which has longer effects, hormones or ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is autonomic nuclei mostly found? |
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Definition
| brainstem and hypothalamus |
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Term
| What makes a good buffer? |
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Definition
| a weak acid and conjugate base |
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Term
| The main flexors of the wrist have their insertion on the: |
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Definition
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Term
. Which ONE short scapular muscle is NOT part of the rotator cuff group?
A. Teres minor
B. Teres major
C. Supraspinatus
D. Infrapsinatus
E. Subscapularis |
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Definition
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Term
| Bone matrix is deposited by |
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Definition
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Term
| The common intermediate for gluconeogenesis from non-carbohydrate precursors is: |
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Definition
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Term
| What does transcription require |
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Definition
a DNA template
RNA polymerase
proteins
nucleoside triphosphates |
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