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| ______ are collections of observations (such as measurements, genders, survey response). |
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| ______ is the science of planning studies and experiments; obtaining data and then organizing, summarizing, representing, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data. |
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| A ______ is the complete collection of all individuals (scores, people, measurements, and so on) within a study. The collection is complete in the sense that it includes all of the individuals to be studied. |
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| A ______ is the sub-collection of members selected from a population. |
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| A ______is a numerical measurement describing a characteristic of a population. |
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| A ______ is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample |
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| ______ consist of numbers representing counts or measurements. |
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| Categorical (or qualitative or attribute) data |
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Definition
| ______ consist of names or labels (that are not numbers) representing counts or measurements. |
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| ______ result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a “countable” number. (That is, the number of possible values is 0 or 1 or 2, and so on.) |
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| Continuous (numerical) data |
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Definition
| ______ result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale covering a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps. |
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| Nominal level of measurement |
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Definition
| The ______ is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high). |
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| Ordinal level of measurement |
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Definition
| Data at the ______ can be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless. |
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Term
| Interval level of measurement |
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Definition
| The ______ is like the ordinal level, with the additional property that the difference between any two data values is meaningful. However, data at this level do not have a natural zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present). |
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| Ratio level of measurement |
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Definition
| The ______ is the interval level with the additional property that there is also a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present). For values at this level, differences and ratios are both meaningful. |
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| Voluntary response sample (or self-selected sample) |
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| A ______ is one in which the respondents themselves decide whether to be included. |
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| In an ______, specific characteristics are observed and measured, but there is no attempt to modify the subjects studied. |
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| In an ______, one applies some treatment and observes its effects on the subjects. |
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| A ______ of n subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample for the same size n has the same chance of being chosen. |
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| In a ______, members from the population are selected in such a way that each individual member in the population has an equal chance of being selected. |
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| In ______, one selects a starting point and then selects every kth (such as every 50th) element in the population. |
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| With ______, one simply uses results that are very easy to get. |
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| With ______, one subdivides the population into at least two different subgroups (or strata) so that subjects within the same subgroups share the same characteristics (such as gender or age bracket), then a sample is drawn from each subgroup (or stratum). |
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| In ______, one first divides the population area into sections (or clusters), then randomly select some of those clusters, and then choose all the members from those selected clusters. |
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| Retrospective (or case-controlled) study |
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Definition
| In a ______, data are collected from the past by going back in time (through examination of records, interviews, and so on). |
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| Prospective( or longitudinal or cohort) study |
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Definition
| In a ______, data are collected in the future from groups sharing common factors (called cohorts). |
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Definition
| A ______ (a.k.a. "lurking" variable) is a phenomenon that isn't being measured ("extraneous" to your data set) that has a high degree of correlation with both your dependent variable and one or more of your independent variables. Confounding occurs in an experiment when you are not able to distinguish among the effects of different factors. |
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