Term
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Definition
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALTITUDE AND TEMPERATUR
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Term
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Definition
| (TROPOSPHERE) DECREASE IN TEMPERATUR WITH AN INCREASE IN ALTITUDE (2 oC FOR EVERY 1,000 FEET) |
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Term
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Definition
| (STRATOSPHERE) TEMPERATURE REMAINS CONSTANT AS ALTITUDE INCREASES |
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Term
INVERTED LAPSE RATE
(TEMPERATURE INVERSION) |
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Definition
| TEMPERATURE INCREASES AS ALTITUDE INCREASES |
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Term
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Definition
PRESSURE EXERTED ON THE SURFACE BY THE AUTMOSPHERE DUE TO WEIGHT OF A COLUMN OF AIR DIRECTLY ABOVE THAT SURFACE
(ALWAYS DECREASES WITH ALTITUDE) |
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Term
| CALIBRATION FOR A STANDARD LAPSE RATE |
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Definition
| 4% ERROR EVERY 11 oC TEMPERATURE VARIATION FROM STANDARD |
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Term
ALTIMETER ERROR
(PRESSURE CHANGES) |
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Definition
| CHANGE IN PRESSURE OF 1.0 in-Hg WILL CHANGE THE ALTIMETER READING BY 1000 FEET |
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Term
ALTIMETER ERRORS
(TEMPERATURE CHANGES) |
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Definition
COLDER THAN THE STANDARD ATMOSPHERE AIRPLANE WILL BE LOWER, WARMER THAN STANDARD ATMOSPHERE AIRPLANE WILL BE HIGHER
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Term
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Definition
MEASURE OF AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
TEMPERATUR -> INCREASE
DENSITY ALT -> INCREASE
ACRAFT PREFORMANCE <- DECREASE
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Term
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Definition
RATE OF CHANGE IN PRESSURE IN HORIZONTAL DISTANCE. (HIGH TO LOW PRESSURE)
PRESSURE GRADIENT IS REPRESENTED BY PERPENDICULAR ISO BARS AND THE SIZE OF THE GRADIENT IS REPRESENTED BY SPACING
(TIGHT SPACING=STEEP PRESSURE GRADIENT=STRONGER PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE=FASTER WIND SPEED)
(WIDE SPACING=SHALLOW PRESSURE GRADIENT=WEAK PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE=SLOWER WIND SPEED) |
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Term
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Definition
FOUND ABOVE 2000 FEET AGL, FLOWS PARALLEL TO ISO BARS
CLOCKWISE = HIGH
COUNTER CLOCKWISE = LOW |
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Term
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Definition
BELOW 2000 FEET AGL
friction reduces wind speed, wind blows across iso bars at 45 degrees
(clockwise=high)
(counter clockwise=low) |
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Term
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Definition
| CALM STRONG WIND, NARROW BANDS OF STRONG WINDS FOUND BELOW THE TROPOPAUSE AT AN AVERAGE HEIGHT OF 30,000 MSL, WITH SPEEDS VARYING FROM 100-150 KNOTS, THERE POSTITION CHANGES DAILY |
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Term
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Definition
| COMES FROM SEA DURING THE DAY |
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Term
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Definition
| COMES FROM LAND DURING THE NIGHT |
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Term
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Definition
| AIR HEATS AND RISES FLOWING OUT OF THE VALLEY DURING THE DAY, AIR COOLS AND SETTLES BACK INTO THE VALLEY |
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Term
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Definition
| AIR IS COOLED BY OUTGOING LAND RADIATION AND BECOMES MORE DENSE THAN SURRONDING AIR, DENSER AIR FLOWS DOWN HILL SLOPES AT NIGHT, RISEING AIR COOLS AND CREATS A CIRCULATION |
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Term
| CHARACHTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION |
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Definition
SHOWERS-STARTS STOPS CHANGES INTISITY RAPIDLY (ASSOSICATED WITH CUMULIFORM CLOUDS)
CONTINUOUSE-STEADY CHANGES INTISITY GRADUALY (ASSOCIATED WITH STRATIFORM CLOUDS)
INTERMITTENT-STOPS STARTS AT LEAST ONCE DURING THE HR. SHOWERS OR STEADY (CUMULIFORM OR STRATIFORM CLOUDS) |
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Term
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Definition
DRIZZLE-LIQUID AND FREEZING
RAIN-LIQUID AND FREEZING
FROZEN-HAIL, ICE PELLETS, SNOW AND SNOW GRAINS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
SURFACE-6500 AGL
STRATUS-STEADY PERCIPITATION
CUMULUS-SHOWERY PRECIPITATION
(SERIOUS HAZARD DUE TO CLOUD BASE TO TERRIAN) |
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Term
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Definition
6500-20000 AGL
ALTOSTRATUS-LIGHT SHOWERYOR STEADY PRECIPITATION
ALTOCUMULUS |
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Term
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Definition
ABOVE 20000 AGL COMPOSED OF ICE CRYSTALS, AND PRODUCES NO ICING OR PRECIPITATION
CIRROCUMULUS
CIRROSTRATUS
CIRRUS |
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Term
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Definition
| A LUMPY, BILLOWY CLOUD WITH A BASE SHOWING A DEFINATE PATTERN OR STRUCTURE |
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Term
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Definition
| A CLOUD WITH A UNIFORM BASE, FORMED IN HORIZONTAL, SHEETLIKE LAYERS |
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Term
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Definition
| AREA THAT ENCOMPASSES THE WEATHER LOCATED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE FRONT |
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Term
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Definition
| AN AREA OF DISCONTINUITY THAT FORMS BETWEENS TWO CONTRASTING AIRMASSESWHEN THEY ARE ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER (BOURDER\BOUNDERY BETWEEN HOT AND COLD) |
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Term
| FACTORS INFLUENCING FRONTAL WEATHER |
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Definition
AMOUNT OF MOISTER AVALIABLE (DEW PIONT)
THE DEGREE OF STABILITY OF THE LIFTED AIR
THE SLOP OF THE FRONT
THE SPEED OF THE FRONTAL MOVEMENT
THE CONTRAST IN THE AMOUNTS OF TEMP AND MOISTURE BETWEEN THE TWO AIRMASSES |
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Term
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Definition
| IS THE LEADING EDGE OF AN ADVANCING COLD AIR MASS, COLD FRONTS MOVE TOWARDS THE S.E. @ 20 kts ON AVERAGE, AND THE WIND SHIFT IS FROM THE S.W. TO N.W. |
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Term
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Definition
A LINE OF VIOLENT THUNDERSTORMS, THEY DEVELOP 50 TO 300 MILES AHEAD OF THE COLD FRONT AND ROUGHLY PARRELLEL TO IT
(DEPICTED ON SURFACE CHARTS WITH PURPLE DASHE DOUBLE DOTTED LINES) |
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Term
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Definition
| HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE, EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION |
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Term
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Definition
TOWERING THUNDERSTORM CLUDS WITH EXTENSIVE VERTICAL DEVELOPMENT,
NIMBOSTRATUS-VIOLENT/HEAVY STEADY PRECIPITATION
CUMULONIMBUS-HEAVY SHOWERS |
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Term
CONDITIONS OF STABILITY
STABLE |
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Definition
| TENDENCY TO RETURN TOWARD INITIAL CONDITION WHEN DISTURBED |
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Term
CONDITIONS OF STABILITY
NEUTRAL |
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Definition
| SYSTEM HAS A TENDENCY TO REMAIN IN ITS NEW STATE AFTER BEING DISPLACED |
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Term
CONDITONS OF STABILITY
UNSTABLE |
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Definition
| SYSTEM HAS A TENDENCY TO MOVE AWAY FROM ITS INITIAL CONDITION WHEN DISTURBED |
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Term
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Definition
| COLDER THAN SURROUNDING AIR AFTER BEING LIFTED, SETTLES WHEN LIFTING IS REMOVED BECAUSE DENSER THAN SURROUNDING AIR |
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Term
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Definition
| SAME TEMPERATURE OF THE SURROUNDING AIR AFTER BEING LIFTED, REMAINS AT THE SAME PLACE UNTIL ACTED UPON BY SOMETHING ELSE |
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Term
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Definition
| WARMER THAN SURROUNDING AIR AFTER BEING LIFTED, CONTINUES TO RISE AFTER LIFTING FORCE IS REMOVED |
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Term
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Definition
| CONVERGENCE, FRONTAL, THERMAL, OROGRAPHIC |
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Term
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Definition
| WARM AIR ADVANCES OVER DENSE COLD AIR NOT AS DEFINED AS A COLD FRONT WITH A MORE GRADUAL SLOPE, TRAVELS FROM SW @15 KNOTS WEATHER USUALLY 500-700 MILES IN ADVANCE, WINDS SHIFT FROM THE SE TO THE SW |
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Term
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Definition
| ALTERNATING COLD AND WARM FRONT SYMBOLS, WEATHER SIMILAR TO WARM FRONT, AND CAN BE ALIGNED IN ANY DIRECTION |
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Term
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Definition
FORMS WHEN A COLD FRONT OVER TAKES A WARM FRONT, PURPLE WARM AND COLD SYMBOLS
(PRESSURE FALLS THEN RISES)
(VERY BAD FOR AVIATION)
100MI SOUTH
300MI NORTH OF FRONTAL INTERSECTION |
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Term
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Definition
| WARM FRONT TOUCHES THE GROUND |
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Term
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Definition
| COLD FRONT TOUCHES THE GROUND |
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Term
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Definition
AKA DRY FRONT NO CLOUDS OR PRECIPITATION (NO MOISTER)
WIND SHIFT AND TEMP CHANGES STILL OCCUR
POTENTIALLY UNVAVORABLE FLYING CONDITIONS |
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Term
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Definition
| ANY IRREGULAR OR DISTURBED FLOW IN THE ATMOSPHERE PRODUCING GUSTS AND OR EDDIES |
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Term
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Definition
| MOMENTARILY CAUSES ERRATIC CHANGES IN ALTITUDE AND ATTITUDE, MY FEEL SLIGHT STRIAGNON STRAPS, LOOS ITEMS SLIGHTLY DISPLACED |
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Term
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Definition
| GREATER INTENSITY, CAUSES CHANGES IN ALTITUDE NAD ATTITUDE OCCURS BUT AIRCRAFT REMAINS UNDER POSITIVE CONTROLL, MAY ALSO CAUSE VARIATIONS ININDICATED AIRSPEED, OCCUPANTS WILL FEEL DEFINITE STRAIN ON SEAT STRAPS AND LOOS ITEMS WILL BE DISLODGED |
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Term
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Definition
| LARGE ABRUPT CHANGES IN ALTITUDE AND ATTITUDE AS WELL AS LARGE VARIATIONS IN AIRSPEED, MaY MOMENTARILY BE PUT OUT OF CONTROL, OCCUPANTS FORCE VIOLENTLY AGIANST SEAT BELTS OR SHOULDER STRAPS, UNSECURE OBJECTS ARE TOSSED ABOUT |
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Term
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Definition
| AIRCRAFT IS VIOLENTLY TOSSED AND IS PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO CONTRL, MAY CAUSE STRUCTURAL DAMAGE |
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Term
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Definition
| THERMAL, MECHANICAL, FRONTAL AND LARGE SCALE WIND SHEAR |
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Term
CLEAR AIR TURBULACE
(CAT) |
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Definition
| NORMALLY OCCURS OUTSIDE OF CLOUDS AND ABOVE ALTITUDES OF 15,000 MSL, DUE TO STRONG WIND SHEAR IN JETS STREAM (NOT LIMITED TO JETS STREAM CAN OCCUR IN EACH OF THE FOUR CATAGORIES) |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA CONVECTION TURBULANCE IS CAUSED BY LOCALIZED VERTICAL CONVECTIVE CURRENTS RESULTING FROMTHE SURFACE HEAT OR COLD AIR MOVING OVER WARMER GROUND. (BARREN SURFACES GENERALLY CAUSE STRONG CONVECTIVE CURRENTS) |
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Term
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Definition
RESULTS FROM THE WIND FLOWING OVER OR AROUND IRREGULAR TERRIAN OR OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS.
(STRENGTH AND MAGNETUDE OF MECHANICAL TURBULENCE DEPENDS ON WIND SPEED, ROUGHNESS OF TERRIAN\NATURE OF OBSTRUCTION AND *STABILITY OF AIR*) |
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Term
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Definition
| WHEN STRONG WINDS VLOW APPRX PERPINDICULAR TO A MOUNTAIN RANGE RESULTING IN SERVERE TURBULENCE, (CAN BE 2-20 TIMES THE HEIGHT OF THE PEEK) |
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Term
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Definition
| CAUSED BY LIFTING OF WARM AIR BY A FRONTAL SURFACE LEADING TO INSTABILITY OR BY THE ABRUPT WIND SHIFT BETWEEN THE WARM AND COLD AIR MASSES |
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Term
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Definition
| A SUDDEN CHANGE IN WIND SPEED OR DIRECTION OVER A SHORT DISTANCE INTHE ATMOSPHERE, (CAN BE VERTICALOR HORIZONTAL) |
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Term
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Definition
| INVERSIONS CAN CAUSE TURBULENCE AT THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN INVERSIONLAYER AND THE SURROUNDING ATMOSPHERE, THE RESULTING TUBULENCE CAN OFTEN CAUSE A LOSS OF LIFT AND AIRSPEED NEAR THE GROUND |
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Term
| FLIGHT TECHNIQUES FOR TURBULENCE |
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Definition
1.ESABLISH AND MAINTAIN THRUST SETTINGS APPROX 180-195
2.TRIM THE AIRCRAFT FOR LEVEL FLIGHT
3.MAINTAIN PROPER ATTITUDE USING ATTITUDE INDICATOR
4.ALLOW ALTITUDE TO VARY DO NOT CHASE |
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Term
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Definition
SUPERCOOLED VISIBLE WATER DROPLETS
OUTSIDE AIR AND AIRCRAFT SURFACE TEMP MUST BE BELOW FREEZING |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| CLEAR, RIME, MIXED, FROST |
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Term
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Definition
| TEMP 0 TO -10, UNSTABLE AIR, CUMULUS CLOUDS |
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Term
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Definition
| TEMP -10 TO -20, STABLE CONDITIONS, STRATIFORM CLOUDS |
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Term
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Definition
| TEMP -8 TO -15, MOST FREQUENT FORM ENCOUNTERED |
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Term
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Definition
| NORMALLY OCCURS ON CLEAR CALM WINTER NIGHTS, WILL ALSO OCCUR IF A COLD AIRPLANE DECENDS TO A ZONE OF HIGH RELATIVE HUMIDITY |
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Term
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Definition
| DECREASES LIFT, INCREASED WEIGHT, DRAG FUEL CONSUMPTION, AND STALL SPEED |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| TRACE, LIGHT, MODERATE (ANTI-ICE/DE-ICE EQUIP NECCESSARY), SEVERE (DE-ICE/ANTI-ICEFAILS TO WORK, DIVERSION NECCESSARY) |
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Term
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Definition
| THE ABILITY TO SEE AND IDETIFY PROMINENT UNLIGHTED OBJECTS BY DAY AND PROMINENT LIGHTED OBJECTS AT NIGHT |
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Term
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Definition
| THE *AVERAGE* FORWARD HORIZONTAL DISTANCE(SM) FROM THE COCKPIT OF AN AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT AT WHICH A PILOT CAN SE AND IDENTIFY PROMINENT UNLIGHTED OBJECTS BY DAY AND PROMINENT LIGHTED OBJECTS AT NIGHT |
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Term
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Definition
| THE GREATEST HORIZONTAL VISIBILITY (SM) EQUAL OR EXCEEDED THROUGHOUT AT LEAST HALF OF THE HORIZON CIRCLE |
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Term
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Definition
| DISTANCE ON FINAL APPROACH INWHICH RUNWAY IS IN SIGHT (COCKPIT TYO RWY)APPRX 1.5 MI TO RWY |
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Term
| RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (RVR) |
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Definition
| THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE SEEN BY THE PILOT LOOKING DOWN THE RWY FROM THE APPROACH END |
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Term
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Definition
| COLLECTION OF PARTICALES THAT REDUCE HORIZONTAL VISIBILITY TO LESS THAN 6 MI |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
SKY COVERAGE
SCATTERD (SCT) |
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Definition
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Term
SKY COVERAGE
BROKEN (BKN) |
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Definition
LOWEST POSSIBLE CIELING
5/8-7/8 |
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Term
| SKY COVERAGE OVERCAST (OVC) |
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Definition
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Term
SKY COVERAGE
OBSCURED (VV) |
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Definition
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Term
| FOG FORMATION REQUIREMENTS |
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Definition
CONDENSATION NUCLEI
HIGH WATER CONTENT (LOW DEWPIONT SPREAD)
LIGHT SURFACE WINDS |
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Term
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Definition
| A VISIBLE AGGREGAT OF MINUTE WATER DROPLETS THAT IS BASED AT OR WITHIN 50 FEET OF THE SURACE, 20 FEET IN DEPTH, REUCES PREVAILING VISIBILITY TO LESS THAT 5/8 (SM) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| THUNDERSTORM DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS |
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Definition
| MOISTER, UNSTABLE AIR, LIFTING ACTION |
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Term
| THUNDERSTOTM WEATHER HAZARDS |
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Definition
| *HAILE*, *TURBULENCE*, MICROBURSTS, SEVERE ICING, LIGHTNIG AND TORNADOS |
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Term
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Definition
| highly localized downward atmospheric flow with volocities of 2000-6000 feet per min. differential volocities ranging from 20-200 knots in an area 1\4-2 1\2 miles in diameter, life span of 5-10 min |
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Term
| VISUAL CUES OF A MICROBURST |
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Definition
| VIRGA, LOCALIZED BLOWING DUST, SHAFTS OF RAN DIVERGES CLOSE TO GROUND, SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS |
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Term
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Definition
| INITIAL STRONG INCREASE IN HEADWIND WITH A RESULT OF HIGHER INDICATED AIRSPEED AND MORE LIFT, FOLLOWD BY A STRONG TAIL WIND DECREASING INDICATED AIRSPEED AND LIFT |
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Term
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Definition
FLY AROUND (CIRCUMNAVIGATE)
FLY OVER TOP (1000 FOR EVERY 10 KNOTS OF WIND)
FLY UNDER STORM
FLY THROUGH LOWER 1\3 OF STORM |
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