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| literally; earth centered; a system of planetary motion that places Earth at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and other planets revolving around it. |
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| the geocentric model of the universe that prevailed in the Middle Ages; named after the astronomer Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria during the second century A.D. |
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| literally; sun centered; the system of the universe proposed in 1543 by Nicolas Copernicus, who argued that the earth and planets revolved around the sun. |
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| taught mathematics; He was the first European to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope. |
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| He defined the three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies, as well as objects on Earth; also crucial to his whole argument was the universal law of gravitation |
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| Universal law of gravitation |
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| One of three laws of motion governing the planetary bodies set forth by Sir Isaac Newton in his Principia, it explains that planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits about the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity. |
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| one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments. |
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| female scientist; criticized the growing belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature. |
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| female astronomer; trained in astronomy from a self-taught astronomer. |
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| French philosopher; writing aobut the doubt and uncertainty that seemed to be everywhere in the confusion of the 17th century. He emphasized the importance of his own mind and asserted that he would accept only those tings that his reason said were true. |
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| a system of thought expounded by Rene Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge. |
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| a systematic procedure for collection and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world. |
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| english philosopher with few scientific credentials, believed that instead of relying on the ideas of ancient authorities, scientists should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature. |
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| the doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles. |
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| french for philosopher; applied to all intellectuals during the enlightenment. |
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| a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances. |
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| an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law. |
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| literally, let people do what they want. the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone. |
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| the concept proposed by Rousseau that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, and all individuals should be forced to abide by the general will since it represents what is best for the entire community. |
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| the elegant drawing rooms of great urban houses where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists,aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes, helping to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment. |
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| an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730's; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action. |
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| a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. |
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| a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent. |
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| a person of mixed African and European descent |
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| a form of government in which power is shared between the national government and state governments. |
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| one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution; the clergy, the nobles, and the townspeople. |
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| obligations of peasants to noble land lords that survived into the modern era. |
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| the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people. |
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| without breeches, members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots |
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| an individual qualified to vote in a election. |
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| a sudden overthrow of the government. |
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| government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government. |
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| the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols. |
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| money available for investment. |
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| a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits. |
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| a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes. |
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| process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron. |
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| an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing. |
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| a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. |
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| a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion. |
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| Principle of intervention |
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| idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments. |
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| a popular philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties the basic rights of all people should be protected. |
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| the right of all males to vote in elections |
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| reliance on military strength. |
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| German for "Caesar" the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire. |
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| a movement to end slavery. |
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| an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing. |
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| an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing. |
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| indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration. |
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| the principle set forth by Darwin that every plant or animal has evolved, or changed, over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life to more complex forms. |
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| the principle set forth by Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment that others; in in popular terms, "survival of the fittest." |
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| mid-nineteenth century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower and middle class life as it actually was. |
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