Term
| Food sources of thiamine B1 |
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Definition
| Essential: High concentrations in yeast, pork and cereal grains. Also found in sunflower seeds, oatmeal, flax, cauliflower, potato and eggs etc. Destroyed by moist heat. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
+ Coenzyme TPP in catabolism of sugars and amino acids.
+ Used in biosynthesis of neurotransmitters ACh and GABA
+ Pyruvic acid oxidation (pentose shunt) |
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Term
| Causes of thiamine B1 deficiency |
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Definition
+ Malnutrition
+ Consumption of food high in anti-thiamine factors (tea, coffee, fish)
+ Chronic diseases such as alcoholism, GIT disease or HIV-AIDs |
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Term
| Syndromes caused by thiamine B1 deficiency |
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Definition
+ Wet beri-beri: Congestive heart failure
+ Dry beri-beri: Neuritic
+ Wernicke's encephalopathy: Paralysis of eye movement, abnormal posture & gait, markedly deranged mental function
+ Korsakoff's syndrome: Alcoholic amnesia
+ Optic neuropathy: Bilateral vision loss, colour loss |
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Term
| Food sources of riboflavin B2 |
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Definition
| Milk, cheese, green leafy vegetables, liver, kidney, legumes, tomato, yeast & almonds. Destroyed by light (photosensitive). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of riboflavin B2 |
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Definition
+ Central component of cofactors FAD and FMN
+ Energy metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbohydrates and proteins |
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Term
| Causes of riboflavin B2 deficiency |
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Definition
+ Primary: Malnutrition
+ Secondary: Conditions that affect absorption |
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Term
| Symptoms of riboflavin B2 deficiency |
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Definition
+ Ariboflavinosis: Cracked lips, inflammed mucosal membrane, sore throat
+ Oral-ocular-genital syndrome: Angular cheilitis, photophobia & scrotal dermatitis |
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Term
| Food sources of niacin B3 |
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Definition
| Liver, chicken, beef, fish, cereals, peanuts, legumes, meat, dairy, eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| 14mg/ day in women, 16mg/day in men |
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Term
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Definition
+ Increases HDL levels reducing adverse cardiovascular events.
+ Precursor to NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH which have essential metabolic roles
+ Involved in DNA repair
+ Involved in production of steroid hormones in adrenal gland. |
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Term
| Causes of niacin B3 deficiency |
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Definition
+Poverty, malnutrition, alcoholism and where staple carbohydrate is maize.
+ Hartnups disease: Hereditary condition causing difficulty in digestion and absorption of tryptophan (large source niacin) |
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Term
| Symptoms of niacin B3 deficiency |
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Definition
+ Slow metabolism and coldness
+ Pellegra: Diarrhoea, dermatitis, dementia & death
+ Irritability, poor concentration, fatigue, apathy |
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Term
| Food sources of pantothenic acid B5 |
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Definition
| Whole grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, royal jelly, avocado and yogurt. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of Pantothenic acid B5 |
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Definition
+ Synthesis of acetyl CoA (citric acid cycle)
+ Required to synthesise and metabolise proteins, carbs and fats |
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Term
| Symptoms of pantothenic acid B5 deficiency |
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Definition
+ So fucking rare unless you choose to forego food and live on diet of fricking sunlight.
+ Loss of energy: fatigue, apathy, irritability
+ Neurological symptoms: Paraesthesia, muscle cramps, hepatic encephalopathy |
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Term
| Food sources of pyridoxine B6 |
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Definition
| Grains, nuts and dragon fruit. |
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Term
| Functions of pyridoxine B6 |
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Definition
+ Balance of sodium and potassium
+ Promotes RBC production
+ Required for production of monoamine neurotransmitters: 5HT, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Symptoms of pyridoxine B6 deficiency |
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Definition
| Usually only in alcoholics. Includes nausea + vomiting, seborrhoeic dermatitis, depression & confusion, anaemia, peripheral neuritis etc. |
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Term
| Food sources of biotin B7 |
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Definition
| Swiss chard, raw egg yolk, some vegetables and peanuts. |
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Term
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Definition
+ Coenzyme in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, valine
+ Role in gluconeogenesis
+ Role in citric acid cycle
+ Role in regulating blood glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
+ Symptoms are rare & mild
+ Alopecia (hair loss), conjunctivitis, dermatitis and neurological symptoms such as depression, lethargy & hallucination. |
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Term
| Food sources of folic acid B9 |
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Definition
| Active form is tetrahydrofolate. Found in leafy green vegetables, fortified cereals and grains, yeasts, legumes, sunflower seeds etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
+ Synthesises, repairs and methylates DNA
+ Important in rapid cell division and growth
+ Aids production of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
+ Neural tube defects
+ Macrocytic anaemia
+ Peripheral neuropathy |
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Term
| Food sources cobalamin B12 |
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Definition
| Food high in bacteria: Meat, fish, shellfish, poultry, eggs, milk. Vegans can only get through fortified foods or supplements. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
+ Brain + NS: DNA Synthesis
+ Formation of blood
+ Fatty acid synthesis and energy production |
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Term
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Definition
+ Penicious anaemia: Parietal cell destruction in gastric epithelium results in reduced release of intrinsic factor necessary to absorb B12
+ Fatigue, depression, poor memory, mania & psychosis |
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Term
| Food sources ascorbic acid |
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Definition
| Citrus fruits, broccoli, leafy green vegetables, cantaloupe, strawberries, tomatoes, mangos, papaya etc. Destroyed easily by heat and light. |
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Term
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Definition
| 60mg/day (100mg in smokers) |
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Term
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Definition
+ Antioxidant + regenerates other antioxidants
+ Collagen formation
+ Required of biosynthesis of other enzymes involved in carnitine, collagen and catecholamine synthesis
+ Promotion of non-haem iron absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| + Scurvy: Petechiae (capillary haemorrhages), bleeding gums, softening of bones, reopening of scars, mental deterioration |
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