Term
What can transfer amino groups (NH3) to a keto acid to form the nonessential amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Scaly dermatitis, anemia(small cell type), depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern and convulsions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Required for the synthesis of serotonin for tryptophan. |
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Definition
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Term
| Required for the synthesis of nucleic acids and heme(nonprotein portion of hemoglobin) |
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Definition
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Term
| Early symptoms include depression and confusion |
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Definition
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Term
| Advanced symptoms include abnormal brain wave patterns and convulsions. |
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Definition
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Term
| required for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Influences cognitive performance, immune function and steroid hormone activity. |
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Definition
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Term
| RDA - Adults (19-50) 1.3mg/day with an Upper Limit of 100 mg/day |
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Definition
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Term
| Toxic effects include irreversible nerve degeneration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Significant sources of Vitamin B6 inlcude: |
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Definition
| Meat, poultry, fish, legumes,liver, noncitrus fruits and fortified cereals. |
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Term
| Three forms of Vitamin B6 are: |
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Definition
| Pyridoxal, pyridoxine and pyridoxamine. All can form coenzyme PLP (pyridoxal phosphate). |
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Term
| What can interfer with the absorption of vitamin B6? |
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Definition
| Alchohol disloges PLP and INH is an antagonist. INH is a medication used to treat tuberculosis bacteria. |
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Term
| Foods lose ___ when heated. |
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Definition
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Term
| The bioavailability of this vitamin is lower in plant-derived foods than in nimal-derived foods. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ and ___ help cells to multiple including red blood cells and cells lining the GI tract. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thiamine is the vitamin portion of the coenzyme ___? |
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Definition
| TPP (Thiamine pyrophosphate) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The main roles thiamine plays include: |
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Definition
(1) Removing a carbon from pyruvate to form acetyl coenzyme A and carbon dioxide. (2) In the TCA cycle, TPP removes a carbon from a 5 carbon-compound to form a 4 carbon compound. (3) occupies a special site in on the membranes of nerve cells. Processes in nerves and their respodning tissues, the muscles, rely heavily on thiamine. |
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Term
| Nerve processes and their responding tissues, the muscles, rely heavily on ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for Vitamin B1 is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for Thiamine is? |
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Definition
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Term
| People who derive most their enery from empty-kcalorie items, like alcohol, risk ____? |
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Definition
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Term
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a result of ____ deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thiamine deficiency can result in the disease ___? |
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Definition
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Term
| The symptoms of Beriberi include: |
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Definition
| Damage to nervous systems as well as to the heart and other muscles. |
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Term
| Deficiency symptoms include: Enlarged heart, cardiac failure, muscular weakness, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, anorexia and weight loss. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thiamine Deficiency includes: |
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Definition
| Enlarged heart, cardiac failure, muscular weakness, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, anorexia and weight loss. |
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Term
| Significant sources of thiamine include: |
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Definition
| Whole-grain, fortified or enriched grain products such as cornflakes and pork. Moderate amounts are in all nutritious food. |
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Term
| IS there an Upper Limit for Thiamine, and if so, what is it? |
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Definition
| No. There is no Upper Limit set. |
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Term
| Toxicity Symptoms of thiamine include: |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does alcohol play on thiamine? |
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Definition
| Alcohol impairs thiamine absorption and enhances the thiamine excretion in the urine. |
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Term
| Diseases that can result from Thiamine deficiency include: |
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Definition
| Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. |
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Term
An excellent source of thiamine is: |
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Definition
3 oz broiled, lean pork chop. |
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Term
| The coenzyme forms of Riboflavin include: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Accept 2 hydrogens during from the TCA cycle and delivery them to the electron transport chain. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Riboflavin Deficiency include: |
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Definition
Inflammation of the mouth, skin, eyes and Gi track. Inflammed eyelid, reddening of the cornea, photophobia, cheilosis (cracks in the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (loss of surface of the mouth) and inflammation characterized by skin lessons covered with greasy scales. |
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Term
| Greatest contribution of Riboflavin come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| A vegan who does not consume milk or milk products needs to acquire riboflavin from? |
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Definition
Dark greens and enriched grains. |
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Term
| Another name for Riboflavin is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for Riboflavin is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chief function of riboflavin include: |
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Definition
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Term
| Can be easily destroyed by Ultraviolet or flouressent light. |
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Definition
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Term
| The name niacin describes two stuctures ___ and ___. |
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Definition
| Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. |
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Term
| The body can easily convert ____ to nicotinamide which is the major form of niacin in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| NAD is simular to FAD in the regards that they both: |
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Definition
| carry hydrogen from the TCA cycle to the electron transport chain. |
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Term
| 1 mg of niacin is equal to: |
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Definition
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Term
| The body can convert ____ to niacin. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Upper Limit of Niacin is |
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Definition
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Term
| Niacin Deficiency disease, Pellagra produces symptoms of: |
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Definition
The four D's. Diarrhea, Dermititis, dementia and eventually death. |
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Term
| Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, glossitis, depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache and bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight. |
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Definition
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Term
| Niacin Deficiency include: |
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Definition
| Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomitting, glossitis, depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache and bilateral symmetrical rash in areas exposed to sunlight. |
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Term
niacin flush results from exceeding the Upper Limit of 35mg/day and is the result of ___ and has the symptoms of____: |
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Definition
| High doses of nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid dilates the capillaries and causes a tingly sensation that can be painful. |
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Term
| Toxic Symptoms of Niacin include: |
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Definition
| painful flush, hives and rash (niacin flush), excessive sweating, blured vission, liver damage and impaired glucose tolerance. |
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Term
| Corn has niacin, but the problem is? |
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Definition
| most of the niacin is bound in complex carbohydrates and small peptides making it unavailable for absorption. Futhermore, corn is high in Leucine, which interfers with the tryptophan-to-niacin conversion. |
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Term
| What amino acid can interfer with the tryptophan-to-niacin coversion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Diets high in protein are never lacking ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Major sources of niacin can be found in____ but alternatives include____. |
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Definition
| Meat, Poultry and fish. Alternatives include: Enriched and whole grains, mushrooms, green leafy vegetables. |
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Term
| A vegetarian can meet the niacin requirements with? |
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Definition
| Enriched and whole grain, mushrooms, asparagus, and leafy green vegetables. |
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Term
| Niacin is ___ vulnerable to losses during food preparation and storage than other water-soluble vitamins. |
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Definition
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Term
How well does niacin hold up to heat from cooking? |
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Definition
| Niacin can withstand reasonable cooking times. |
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Term
| How does thiamine hold up to cooking. |
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Definition
| Thiamine is destroyed prolonged cooking. |
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Term
| What hinders thiamine in food? |
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Definition
| Prolonged cooking destroys thiamine. Also, thiamine leaches into water when boiled or blanched. |
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Term
| how does thiamine and niacin react to water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for niacin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for Vitamin B3? |
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Definition
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Term
| Biotin plays an important role in metabolism as a coenzyme that |
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Definition
| carries activated carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| What critical role does Biotin play in the TCA cycle? |
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Definition
| It delivers a carbon to 3-carbon pyruvate to replenish oxaloacetate, the 4-carbon compound needed to combine with acetyl CoA to keep the TCA cycle turning. |
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Term
| Outside of its role in the TCA cycle, The biotin coenzyme serves crucial roles in |
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Definition
| gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and the breakdown of certain fatty acids and amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as amino acids and glycerol. |
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Term
| Biotin is needed in very large or very small amounts? |
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Definition
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Term
| How often do deficiencies in biotin occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are significant sources of biotin? |
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Definition
| Biotin is widespread in foods, so eating a variety of foods protects against biotin deficiency. |
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Term
| Some ____ is synthesized by the GI tract, but the amount does not contribute much. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some biotin can be synthesized by the? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the toxicity symptoms from biotin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Biotin deficiency symptoms? |
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Definition
| Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sinsation in the arms and legs; red, scaly rash arount the eyes, nose and mouth; hair loss. |
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Term
| Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sinsation in the arms and legs; red, scaly rash arount the eyes, nose and mouth; hair loss. |
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Definition
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Term
| Biotin deficiency includes ___,lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs, red scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth; hair loss. |
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Definition
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Term
| Biotin deficiency includes depression, __________, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs, red scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth; hair loss. |
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Definition
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Term
| Biotin deficiency includes depression, lethargy, ________________, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs; red scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth; hair loss. |
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Definition
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Term
| Biotin deficiency includes depression, lethargy, hallucinations, ________________; red scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth; hair loss. |
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Definition
| numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs |
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Term
| Biotin deficiency includes depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs; ________________; hair loss. |
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Definition
| red scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth |
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Term
| Biotin deficiency includes depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs; red scaly rash around the eyes, nose and mouth; ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is special about Pantothenic Acid? |
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Definition
| It is involved in over 100 different steps in the synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steriod hormones and hemoglobin as part of the chemical structure of coenzyme A - the CoA that forms acetyl CoA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiencies are rare, but symptoms include general failure of body's systems, GI distress, fatigue and neurological disturbances. |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms |
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Definition
| depression and confusion followed by by abnormal brain wave patterns and convulsions. |
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Term
| What is important about vitamin B6? |
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Definition
| It can transfer amoino groups (nh2) to keto acids to make the nonessencial amino acids. It is required for transferring tryptophan to niacin and for the synthesis of nucleic acids and heme (the nonprotein portion of hemoglobin) |
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Term
| What are the toxic symptoms of Vitamin B6 |
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Definition
| Depression, fatigue, headaches, irritability, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk, convulsions and skin lesions. |
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Term
| where is vitamin b6 stored? |
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Definition
| unlike other water-soluable vitamins, vitamin b6 is stored in the muscle tissue. |
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Term
| What does homocysteine do and what fixes it. |
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Definition
| Homocysteine is an naturally occuring amino acid that is associated with blood clots and arterial wall deterioration. Folate acid breaks down homocysteine. Fortified grain products have Folate acid in it. |
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Term
| What are the main functions of Folate? |
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Definition
Part of the coenzymes THf (Terahydrofolate) and DHF (Dihydrofolate) which are required for DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation. |
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