Minerals

Water

Energy

Soils

Air

is a replaceable resource on a human time scale

Food, watermm and energy

"Nature renews them more slowly then we use them"

Minerals, Soil, Water, Energy

Money example of resources and reserves

RESERVE: Money is your pocket and in the bank

RESOURCE: Potential earningsfor your life time

a portion of a resource which is identified and from which useable materials can be legally and economically extracted.

Rivers

Streams

Lakes

Groundwater

What percent of water is in the Oceans and how long does it stay there?

97% and 1000's of years

What percent of water is in the Atmosphere and how long does it stay there?

What percent of water is in the Rivers and Streams and how long does it stay there?

What percent of water is in the Groundwater and how long does it stay there?

What percent of water is in the Lakes and how long does it stay there?

What percent of water is in the Ice caps and glaciers and how long does it stay there?

Amount of time a drop of water spends in "oceans, lakes ect"

This is effects pollution because if groundwater is contaminated it will be that way for 100's or 1000s of years

How does water gets in to the ground?

Vadose zone and the zone of Saturation

All earth materials above the water table.

This is where water moves through to get to aquifers and the saturated zones.

Is an early warning day to pollutants that will enter the saturated zone

Zone of Saturation

Zone below the water table where all spaces between grains in soil or rock is filled with water and is literally saturated.

Where true groundwater flow occurs.

The boundy or surface between the Vadose Zone and the Zone of Saturation.

Includes:

Soil, alluvium, and rock

What are the 5 main factors that influence the rate of infiltration.

Topography

Soil and Rock type

Amount and Intensity of Persipitation

Vegitation

Land Use

layers that restrict groundwater flow.

EX. Clay and Shale

Perched Water Table

a water table where water is temporarily trapped on top of a confining layer and produces a spring.

water in a confined aquifer under pressure will rise to the height of the water table in the recharge zone

Rate and Direction of groundwater flow depends on what two things?

The ability of a material to allow water to move through it

Measured as cubic meters per day through a cross section of 1 meter or m/day

Depends on the grain size and porosity of an aquifer

Rate groundwater flow

(math)

The Hydraulic Conductivity of Clay is it low or high?

is a special type of landscape that is formed when ground water that is sligtly acidic dissolves soluble rocks, including limestone and dolomite.

40% of groundwater used for drinking comes from karst aquifers

Caves

Springs

Sinkholes

Solution Valleys

Sinking Creeks

Depression of Water Table

Salt water invasion

Ground Subsidence

Water Problems

(2 main Types)

Overeextraction of Groundwater

Water Pollution

Water pollutants

Pollution problems

Extraction of groundwater leads to a cone-shaped depression in the water table surface

Over pumping an aquifer causes the water table to drop deeper within the earth

Where the fresh water table meets saltwater at the ocean, overpumping can draw the saltwater inland, contaminating the water table.

Due to overpumping or mining ground water.

Point Source

Nonpoint Source

Sewage treatment plant discharching into a river

Discete and Confined

Generally are from industries and controlled through onsite treatments

• Fertilizers from farm fields entering along chesapeake bay 
•  influenced by land use, climate, hydrology, topography, geology and natural vegitation.
• difficult to control and are generally associated with agriculture, forestry, or mining.

The Clean Water Act (1972)

The Safe Drinking Water Act (1972)

Decaying organic matter removes oxygen from water

This results in the killing of animals that live in the water

Natural sources such as leaves and insect poop

Agricultural activities

Urban Sewage

disease carrying microorganisms such as cholera, typhoid fever and hepititis A

is the rapid increase in algal material in lakes and streams.

Blocks out sunlight and uses up oxygen on the bottom.

is the artificial heating of waters, primarily by hot water emmisions from industrial operations and power plants.

Heated water carries less oxygen and can result in animal kills

Sanitary Landfills

Most abundantly used mineral material; usually cut and blased from quarries

Used in building

Sand and Gravel

Obtained from sediment deposits of present-day or acient river channels or alluvial fans

Very Cheap and Plentiful

Used for road construction and aggrgate in concrete and making glass

• noncrystalline
• principle component is quartz
• SiO₂
• Melting Silica and other ingridients at very high tempertures creates glass

Sand + Soda + Lime

Sand + Na₂O +CaO

Cement

A chemical binder made cheifly of limestone.

cement + sand = Mortar

cement + sand + gravel = Concrete

1. Any particles  smaller then 1/256 mm in size

2. Clay minerals sheet silicates

Forms from the chemical weathering of feldspars (granite)